Detailed photo and video instructions for making a burner using a blowtorch

Currently, all electronic devices contain a complex design consisting of many components. From time to time there is a need to repair such devices.

Repair usually consists of replacing faulty parts with new ones. And if earlier it was possible to simply use a soldering iron for this, then with the advent of components in BGA packages, even the use of hot-air soldering is not always successful.

Experts use an IR soldering iron or soldering station that emits infrared waves.

Is it possible to make a blowtorch work during mining?

The principle of operation of a conventional blowtorch is to ignite gasoline vapors, which are pushed out under the action of compressed air. This effect is achieved by forcing air into the burner fuel tank.

What happens if you pour used oil into a blowtorch?

Oil itself, even under pressure, does not evaporate well - it needs to be heated. Due to poor atomization, the flame will be uneven and it will be difficult to ignite the burner. The oil burns with the formation of a large amount of soot and soot, so the jet will quickly coke, its cross-section will decrease, and the lamp will fail. Increasing the cross-section of the nozzle will also not give the expected effect - the oil will be sprayed in large drops, which will not allow obtaining a uniform flame of the torch.

In addition, used oil often contains impurities: diesel fuel, gasoline, antifreeze and even water, which can lead to flashes inside the lamp. To use waste as fuel for a blowtorch, you will have to install a filtration system, which will further complicate the task.

Considering all the difficulties, using a gasoline blowtorch as a burner during mining is difficult and unsafe. Therefore, it is necessary to modify or completely change its design.

Do-it-yourself gasoline burner: how to make and use, principle of operation + video

The operating principle of a gasoline generator is very similar to the operating principle of a conventional blowtorch. However, instead of pumping air, as happens in a blowtorch, fuel and air from the burner are supplied using a small compressor (can be an aquarium compressor).

Thus, gasoline is mixed with air, and at the exit from the nozzle we obtain a ready-made fuel mixture. To regulate the amount of fuel mixture, a shut-off valve is provided on the tube coming from the gas tank. In addition, the design of the gasoline burner includes a receiver, which is designed to dampen pulsations from the compressor.

Let's look at what is needed to make a gasoline generator for soldering.

Gasoline blow torch

A gasoline burner is designed for the process of high-quality fastening (soldering) together of metal components of a single structure using molten metal. The solder used for soldering has a solid physical state and can be either low-melting or refractory.

Work with a refractory alloy is carried out exclusively with burners.

Design and principle of operation

When purchasing a gas torch for metalworking by soldering and welding, you should not assume that the kit contains all the elements necessary to organize the work. Since each gas-air burner apparatus has individual drawings, and there are no clearly defined design standards, we will consider the basic (simplified) set of working elements:

• tank for storing gasoline (fuel);
• air compressor;
• gasoline blow torch;
• gas-resistant hoses providing fuel supply,
• stand.

A gasoline burner is a heating device in which the combustion process of gasoline converts it into a gaseous state. Combustion occurs in the evaporator, where oxygen is supplied from the air by a nozzle.

As a result, a gasoline-air flammable cocktail is formed, a mixture of the combustion product of gasoline and air, which is involved in the soldering process.

The rotary tap located on the handle functions as a regulator of the direction and power of the flame.

Bring an open flame source to the nozzle of the working element and you will see an instant flash of a flammable mixture. Stable combustion of fuel will last for 5 minutes (+/-2 minutes). The temperature at the end of the flame reaches 1000° C or more.

Benefits and safety of work

Heating devices for soldering, the initial fuel of which is gasoline, have become widespread in various fields due to their ease of use and thermal performance.

A positive characteristic of the heating device is the ability to operate without preheating.

Advantages of gas burners:

• relatively small weight and dimensions of the device;
• portability and ease of use (compared to its gas counterpart);
• high-quality soldering and welding of metals.

The disadvantage of using the device is the presence of the smell of gasoline in insufficiently ventilated areas. When working with a gas burner, it is prohibited:

• operate the device as intended if a gasoline leak is detected;
• use substances not specified in the instructions as fuel;
• allow the fuel tank to heat up to 500C;
• refuel while soldering or open the container when the evaporator is not cooled down;
• Use in closed or unventilated areas.

Application area

Hard-melting solders and various metals and alloys (brass, bronze, etc.) can easily be soldered with a gas torch. The unit carries out heat treatment (hardening) of small tools, is used in the artistic processing of wood, and even softens glass.

Petrol burner for jewelry - used for melting gold, silver and semi-precious metals. The set of dental equipment also includes a heating device for soldering metal and alloys.

A separate group is represented by tourist burners (primus), they come in gasoline, gas and multi-fuel types.

Materials for making a gasoline burner with your own hands

We will need the following materials:

• Unnecessary spray paint;
• Small compressor. You can take an aquarium one;
• Thin hose;
• Copper pipes from the air conditioner;
• Tap. You will also need some plumbing fittings.

Now as for assembling a gasoline burner with your own hands.

Advantages and disadvantages

Not a single group of climbers, amateur fishermen or travelers goes on hikes without a camping gasoline burner, especially in the winter season. Such a device can operate effectively even at arctic temperatures.

Among other advantages of BG it is necessary to note:

1. Ability to operate at extreme altitudes.
2. Possibility of using alternative fuel: kerosene or alcohol.
3. Low refueling costs compared to gas burners.
4. Lightweight design and simplicity.
5. Portability.
6. Convenience during installation operations.
7. High-quality work result.

However, a gas gasoline burner has obvious disadvantages:

1. The need to use highly purified fuel to avoid clogging of the small throttle opening.
2. Demanding requirements for operating modes.
3. Increased fire hazard when pouring fuel.
4. Unevenness of the fuel torch.
5. Unpleasant odor and soot during operation.

How to assemble a gasoline generator yourself

First, the burner fuel tank (gasoline) and receiver are assembled. For these purposes, you will need two empty paint cans. Then, from a piece of copper tube, you need to solder an L-shaped tube, which will connect to the gas tank (paint can). It is important that the tube should also be sealed at the end, and then small holes should be made in it to allow the fuel mixture to escape out.

To fill the gas tank with fuel, you need to install a threaded fitting under the plug on top of the tank. When inserting a fitting, be sure to coat the joint with epoxy glue to prevent fuel leaks during operation of the gasoline burner.

After this, the gas tank is connected to the receiver with a copper tube.

You should also consider heating the tank at the bottom, since at room temperature gasoline will no longer evaporate well. For these purposes, three 27-ohm resistors connected to each other are used. To connect the resistor, a 12 Volt power source is used, but not less than 2A.

What are the differences between a blowtorch and a gas torch?

1. Different flame temperatures and heating power. A blowtorch is best used for heating or burning. But if you need to melt or cut, then use a gas burner.
2. There is a serious design difference. The lamp has a tank for liquid fuel and an evaporator, which are always located next to an open flame. These parts add danger when using the device, which cannot be said about the burner. Its gas containers can be kept at a distance from the flame.
3. Quick preparation for work. The blowtorch requires refueling, raising the pressure in the tank, and cleaning the nozzle. Warming up the evaporator and bringing the device into working condition will require some time and additional fuel consumption. In this regard, gas lamps are much more practical. They do not require additional preparation procedures.
4. Blowtorch maintenance requires more time. It is necessary to maintain the nozzles, valve, valve and all connections of these parts in good condition. Otherwise, the tightness will be broken. Gasoline will leak out. This will worsen its performance and create the preconditions for ignition and explosion.
5. When using a gas burner, there are practically no foreign odors, which is inevitable when working with a blowtorch.

Instructions for setting up a motion sensor: how to choose the right sensor and what you need to set it up (125 photos + video)

Now it is clear that the gas burner is technically more advanced. The industry produces models that can completely replace a blowtorch. In addition, they are more convenient to use, much more functional and safer. You should also remember that gas is cheaper than gasoline. This means you can save on consumables.

Contactless soldering iron

If there is no urgent need to use an infrared soldering station, then an infrared soldering iron can be successfully used for soldering. Outwardly, it is similar to a regular one, with the difference that instead of a sting it has a heating element.

Application and device

An infrared soldering iron is used in conditions where contact with component leads is unacceptable. It is also convenient to use it for soldering radio components, since often with a regular soldering iron carbon deposits form on the tip and the connections are of poor quality. The carbon deposits have to be cleaned off, and these actions sometimes take quite a lot of time.

In a home workshop, you can make a simple homemade infrared soldering iron from a car cigarette lighter. The heating element of this device is perfect for making tools.

Since normal operation of the cigarette lighter requires a direct current of 12 Volts, corresponding to the on-board electrical network of the car, you will need an electrical converter so that you can use a household AC network. For these purposes, you can successfully use a power supply for computer cases.

Homemade gas burner from a blowtorch

A gas torch is a useful device; it can be useful for forges, soldering, and in many other cases.

This device can be bought, but a homemade gas burner works just as well, and it’s not that difficult to make.

Of course, you will not be able to obtain the same power as industrial equipment, but for repairs and a number of small operations such a burner is quite suitable.

How to modify the burner?

To control the fuel flow, you need to install a control valve and a flame divider on the soldering device. The tap mechanism can be placed both on the device itself and on the tube coming from it

It is important to install it so that it is not difficult to use

It is optimal to install it approximately 2-3 centimeters from the handle. The faucet can be removed from any suitable device or purchased a new one. It is most convenient to place it at the connection point of the tube, additionally sealing the connection to avoid leakage.

The divider can be made of brass. If you have a cylinder-shaped piece with a hole for the tube on one side and a smaller hole on the opposite side. Such a workpiece will require minimal processing and will work as efficiently as possible.

When installing the divider on the tube, make sure that its edges are a couple of millimeters in front of the edge of the nozzle. This position will not only protect the flame from being blown out by the wind, but will also ensure a stable flow of oxygen and maximum combustion power.

You can make a divider in a simpler way. To do this, you will need a brass tube of a slightly larger diameter than was used to make the burner itself.

In this case, parallel mounting should be used.

An area of ​​low pressure will appear at the outlet of the nozzle, so air will be attracted to it and improve combustion.

Conclusion + video

A homemade gas burner is a simple device. It is similar to the primus used by tourists and at dachas. They differ only in size and type of fuel used.

There is no need to pressurize the device to an increased level - the cylinders already have sufficient pressure for high-quality work. It is best to prefer cylinders with propane or a mixture of butane and propane.

If you make it in accordance with all the recommendations given, the device will be reliable and will serve you for many years.

Do-it-yourself gas burners for soldering: instructions for making them using improvised materials

When repairing a car, sometimes you have to resort to soldering various metal parts.

The burner required for this is one of those tools that does not have to be purchased in a store - you can easily make it yourself.

Such skills can be very useful, because it is not always possible to go to a construction supermarket, and interruptions in finances are quite common.

The melting point of the solder must be higher than the operating temperature at which the soldered product is operated; and at the same time lower than the melting point of the base material.

A gas burner is precisely what is needed to heat the solder and thus make it sufficiently viscous.

Obviously, for ease of operation, its torch must maintain a stable shape and temperature.

The advantage of this tool is its ability to process areas with a large area - an electric soldering iron will not be able to handle such a task.

At the same time, you can make a simple, low-power burner with your own hands without much hassle.

With the help of a homemade burner you can do a lot of useful things. Its capabilities will be quite sufficient for soldering copper and brass vessels included in radiators, intercoolers and heat exchangers, as well as for soldering using hard solders.

In addition, only with the help of this tool can you disassemble the radiator in order to replace its core, as well as replace the honeycombs in it.

Model IK-650 PRO

One of the most common professional-level infrared soldering stations is the IK-650 PRO. In Russia, this device was one of the first capable of successfully repairing equipment with BGA circuits.

The soldering is done so well that a strong opinion has arisen about the absolute reliability of devices whose boards were mounted using this infrared soldering station.

The software allows you to very accurately maintain the temperature profile, which is important for creating strong, reliable contacts. After all, for high-quality soldering it is necessary not only to create a temperature sufficient to melt the solder, but also to raise it smoothly and then smoothly lower it, avoiding a sharp cooling of the contact.

Only then will a strong crystal lattice be created in a drop of solder connecting the contact of the microcircuit with the mounting patch.

The infrared station has a modular design and allows you to assemble many possible configurations for preliminary and auxiliary work:

• it is possible to use various types of thermal tables;
• connecting an electron microscope;
• automatic control of heating and cooling temperatures;
• There are additional modules for restoring BGA pins (this is called reballing).

The soldering station also includes vacuum tweezers, which are convenient for installing small parts on the board.

The cost of the infrared soldering station IK-650 PRO is currently more than 150,000 rubles. It is professional equipment and, of course, is practically inaccessible for amateur use.

Gas burner: what is it and why is it needed?

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This is a device that prepares a mixture of flammable gases, allowing the formation of a stable torch that can be used to perform various types of work. The design of the burner and the type of fuel used allows you to control the intensity of the combustion process within wider limits than is possible when working with a blowtorch. The gas burner does not have a reservoir with a flammable mixture, which can explode if used incorrectly. The operating principle is simpler. The areas of application are wider, here are five main ones:

1. For lighting. Despite the widespread use of electricity for these purposes, the need for gas lighting lamps has not completely disappeared. Now they produce many special models that give light to lovers of nighttime outdoor recreation.
2. Gas burners for boilers of heating systems.
3. For heating large volumes of air. For example, premises in the cold season or supplying a heated mixture of volatile gas into the balloon shell.
4. For welding, soldering, surfacing and cutting of metals with a high melting point (more than 1100 °C).
5. Gas burners for household and commercial purposes. They are used both for cooking and in construction, repair or maintenance of equipment.

The wide range of applications of gas burners involves many design varieties, which differ:

• According to the method of mixing gas and oxidizer
• Type of fuel mixture supply.
• Type of fuel used.

Assembly

An infrared head with a power of about 400-450 W must be mounted on a tripod using fasteners, the elements of which can be easily purchased in a retail chain; to control the temperature of the upper heating unit, a second thermocouple must be used.

It must be installed together with the heater. The cable can be laid in a flexible metal hose. The soldering station tripod must be mounted in such a way that the IR head can move freely over the entire surface.

It is necessary to provide brackets for fixing the board on the body of the thermal table. It should be located a few centimeters above halogen lamps. Suitable aluminum profiles can be used for the brackets.

The controller for the infrared soldering station is placed in a housing that can be made independently from sheet metal, preferably galvanized steel.

If necessary, you can build into the case the same cooling fans that are used in the computer case.

After assembling the structure itself, the entire circuit of the infrared soldering station will need to be debugged. This is done experimentally by repeatedly running the circuit and taking measurements. The process is not easy, but after setting it up it will give its results - the soldering station will work correctly.

Manufacturing Features

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The design features are that it is very easy to operate; there are no traces of soot or repulsive odors when using the gas burner. This device is compact and can be used virtually anywhere. The main component of the burner is the industrial valve. You can purchase a new part, however, and used ones that are in working order are quite suitable. The process of making a burner with your own hands begins with the handle, then the body and nozzle are made.

In order to obtain a burner that is safe to operate and does not waste fuel, you need to make it a rule to avoid scaling and adjusting the example circuits.

To be fair, it is worth noting that not all gas appliances are calculated according to the laws of gas dynamics. But if the manufacturer changes the dimensions of the design parts, then the Reynolds number of the fuel (or intake air) will go beyond the limits indicated in the original product. The burner with such “improvisation”, if we give an optimistic forecast, will begin to smoke and will be “gluttonous”, or even be completely dangerous in operation.

And one more important note regarding the manufacturing features of the burners: it is impossible to increase its power above 10 kW. And that's why

With a burner efficiency of 95% (which is an excellent indicator for an amateur invention), with a device power of 1 kW, it will take 50 W to self-heat. It is theoretically possible to get burned on the structure, but it is not fraught with explosion. But if you build a burner with a capacity of 20 kW, 1 kW will be superfluous. Threshold manifestation is expressed by the structure being hot or bursting into flames. Therefore, those burner drawings that are oriented at 7-8 kW should not be considered.

Homemade burner: description and characteristics of the device

If we talk about the burner design, it includes the following components and elements:

1. The burner itself.
2. Nozzle.
3. Conductive tip with electrode wire.
4. Welding arc.
5. Welding pool.
6. Weld.
7. Base metal.
8. Drops of electrode metal.
9. Gas protection.

A simplified version includes a gasoline tank or fuel tank, an air compressor, gasoline hoses and the burner itself, which, in turn, consists of individual parts.

Models that are used for soldering metals have the following structural elements:

1. Body.
2. Metal sleeve with hook.
3. With a pipe.
4. In a bunch.
5. With emphasis.
6. Filler.
7. A control ball (designed to change the air flow).
8. Rubber sealing ring.

If you are going to purchase a torch for soldering and welding, do not forget to pay attention to the presence of gas-resistant hoses . In most cases, they are not included in the basic kit, so there is a need for additional purchase of such parts.

The design of gasoline and gas burners is very simple , so you can make the design at home using improvised materials. However, despite the ease of assembly and the absence of complications in the configuration of the device, the gasoline burner remains a very valuable tool, which is characterized by many undeniable advantages.

1. Firstly, such a solution is lightweight and compact in size, which makes it very convenient for further use.
2. Secondly, the creation of a gasoline-air mixture allows you to create and maintain a high temperature regime, which is necessary to achieve maximum quality of the final result.

How to make a gas burner from a blowtorch

In this review, the author decided to make a gas burner from an old gasoline-powered blowtorch. This procedure is simple and does not take much time.

The first step is to remove the burner from the blowtorch - it will serve as the main element of our homemade product.

By and large, this is a full-fledged burner: connect the hose from a propane gas cylinder and use it. But in order to use it conveniently, you will also need to make a handle and an adapter for the hose.

The first step is to cut a piece of metal tube of a suitable diameter and cut a thread at the end.

We weld the other end of the tube (without thread) to the bottom of the burner. We clean the weld seam with a flap disc for an angle grinder.

Infrared heater

Using homemade gas burners may give you the idea of ​​creating your own infrared heater. Such heaters are designed to heat houses or garages in the face of ever-increasing gas prices. The easiest way to retain heat is to use ordinary food foil. It must be mounted on the wall behind the battery. Heat flows will be reflected from the aluminum surface into the room, which will not allow heat to escape through the walls.

In a more complex version, you can use a spiral. To do this, you need to purchase an incandescent coil and an infrared port in the store. Making such a device is quite simple: the spiral needs to be placed in a metal block, which is connected to the electrical network. An infrared port is attached to the resulting structure. This device works based on the ability of the port to distribute thermal information received from the hot coil into the room.

For garages or other small non-residential premises, a heater made from a small tin box and graphite sand is best suited. Such a device is quite compact, it does not require much space, and at the same time copes well with the tasks assigned to it. Before starting work, the container must be thoroughly rinsed and dried.

It can be of any diameter and size, it is important that it fully fits your ideas about what the future heater should be like

Graphite must be mixed with fine sand in a one-to-one ratio and fill the box halfway. From a sheet of tin you need to cut a circle with a diameter suitable for the iron container, and attach the lead wire to its edges. This structure must be laid on a mixture of sand and granite, and then covered with the remaining mixture. Next, the container must be tightly closed with a lid to artificially create pressure inside it. The second wire of the container body is connected to the car battery.

You can regulate the heating temperature of such a device using the lid. When screwed tighter, the temperature of the tin box will be higher. Anything less and it will lose heat.

It is important not to let such a heater overheat. In such cases, the box will begin to glow red or orange.

When overheated, the sand sinteres, which leads to a loss of efficiency of the homemade gas burner. To restore it, shake the inside of the device.

A gas infrared heater is more expensive in terms of materials, as it requires the purchase of a small infrared ceramic heating pad. It is best not to buy a large device, since it will be “powered” by a small propane cylinder with a volume of 1 liter. In addition, a burner is required - a nozzle with a special tap. First of all, you need to get rid of all the burner nozzles, leaving only the pipe and tap. A hose is put on the pipe, which should be a little more than half a meter long. The gas cylinder is connected to this device

It is very important that it is in a vertical position, since the gas moves upward and not horizontally. This heater works for two hours on a regular 200-gram cylinder

Fishermen often use a similar device when winter fishing in a tent. A supply of gas cylinders allows you to comfortably spend the night on the ice. In addition, this design is safe, there is no open flame that can cause harm. Ceramic tiles only need 10 minutes to fully warm up, after which they begin to actively radiate heat, heating the air around them.

How to make a gas burner with your own hands? Or a heater? Very simple! The main thing is to know the internal structure of these devices in order to have an idea of ​​​​its operation. After this, making a homemade structure will not be difficult. The main thing is not to forget about observing safety precautions when working with open fire or its sources.

Infrared Soldering Station

The continuous improvement of soldering technology is due to the emergence of more complex printed circuit boards for radio electronics. The infrared soldering station (IPS) is designed to work with a new generation of sensitive microcircuits and other radio components. An unusual approach to soldering is based on the use of a light beam in the infrared range as a carrier of thermal energy.

Features and Benefits

The peculiarity of the IR soldering station is that, unlike an induction device, there is no material contact with the radio component; compared to a hair dryer, there is no air flow pressure. The entire soldering process takes place completely in non-contact mode.

The advantages of IPS include the following:

• unlike other designs, an infrared soldering iron provides quick installation or, conversely, removal of solder under conditions of complete control of the heating level of the radio component being processed;
• a focused beam of infrared radiation allows you to precisely direct the thermal energy flow to the desired location on the board;
• IPS makes it possible to set a mode of stepwise increase in heating temperature in the working area;
• infrared soldering reliably restores the broken connection between the microcircuit pad and the printed circuit board;
• The absence of solder and flux in the operation of the station allows you to keep the workplace clean and not clog the board with drops of tin and additive crystals.

Types of IPS

Based on the type of infrared emitter, there are two types of IPS:

Ceramic

Hot air soldering station

An example of a ceramic infrared soldering station is the Achi ir6000 model. The station has a lot of advantages. It has proven itself to be reliable, durable and durable equipment. The operating temperature in the soldering zone is reached within 10 minutes. Stations of this type use a solid flat or hollow ceramic emitter.

Quartz

Unlike a ceramic soldering iron, a quartz station reaches maximum heat in 30 seconds. Quartz stations are very sensitive to frequent on-off cycles.

Attention! If the specifics of the soldering mode require several equipment shutdowns over a short period, then it is better to use a ceramic soldering station.

Operating principle

To understand the operation of an infrared soldering station, you need to understand the principle of connecting a microprocessor to a printed circuit board. Microcircuits of laptops and various electronic devices do not have output pins. Instead, on their back there is a grid of contact points. The same grid is on the printed circuit board.

Soldering station - operating principle and types

The contacts on both surfaces are covered with fusible balls. During soldering, the microprocessor is heated by an infrared radiator to the melting temperature of the solder.

At the same time, the lower surface of the board is heated by heating elements of the station’s lower platform. By heating the contact connections on both sides, quick soldering of the radio component is achieved.

Thanks to the narrowly directed heat flow, the high temperature does not have time to spread to other components of the board.

Important! The station, using software, can carry out various stages of temperature control at certain time intervals.

Description of the IR soldering process

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The infrared soldering process consists of several phases:

1. The printed circuit board is placed on the station platform.
2. It is fixed with side stops and additional slats.
3. Around the installation area, the plastic elements are covered with adhesive foil.
4. An infrared emitter is installed at a height of 3-4 cm from the microcircuit.
5. The thermocouple on a flexible tube is brought directly to the soldering site.
6. Using the buttons on the thermal controller interfaces, the operating modes of the upper and lower heaters are set.
7. A lamp is connected to the soldering point on a flexible steel cord.
8. Turn on the station by pressing the start button.
9. After a specified time, the microprocessor is removed from the board using tweezers.
10. In the same way, only in reverse order, install a new microprocessor.

Design features

The infrared soldering station is a fairly large piece of equipment:

• width – 450-475 mm;
• height – 430-450 mm;
• depth – 420-450 mm.
• the height of the IR emitter support stand is 200 mm.

Additional Information. Dimensions of different station models may vary slightly from the above data. The desktop area is designed for printed circuit boards of maximum size and any configuration.

Location of controls and moving parts of the IR station:

1. The work table is a deep platform made of a series of heating elements, covered with a metal mesh.
2. Parallel stops with clamps move along guides. They clamp the printing platform on both sides.
3. The cross sides are equipped with screw supports that support the board at the desired height.
4. The kit includes rails that additionally secure the board.
5. A rotating mechanism is installed on the vertical support, on which the infrared heater is fixed.
6. The IR emitter can move in a straight direction along the tripod guides. At the same time, the soldering iron can rotate around the vertical support.
7. On the front panel of the equipment there are:

• power button;
• thermocouple connector;
• stop button;
• desktop fan key;
• backlight switch;
• top cooling button;
• thermal controller for bottom heaters;
• programmable controller of the upper IR heater.

The temperature of the upper IR heater can reach from 220 to 270 degrees. The lower platform warms up to 150-1700 C.

DIY making

The high cost of an IR soldering station (60-150 thousand rubles) encourages home craftsmen to manufacture such equipment on their own. If you have some experience, making a homemade infrared soldering iron with your own hands is quite possible. Material costs usually do not exceed 10 thousand rubles. You need to prepare the materials and components necessary to assemble the IR station.

Parts for a homemade device

To assemble an infrared soldering station with your own hands, you will need the following:

• sheet of tin;
• flexible spiral metal lamp tube;
• lever tripod from an old table lamp;
• halogen lamps;
• galvanized fine mesh;
• aluminum profile in the form of narrow slats;
• 2 thermocouples;
• Arduino Mega 2560 R3 board;
• SSR 25-DA2x Adafruit MAX31855K ​​board – 2 pcs.;
• DC adapter 5 volts, 0.5 A;
• wires.

Assembly

Installation of a soldering station consists of several stages:

1. Thermal table;
2. Infrared heater;
3. PID controller on Arduino.

Thermal table

It is advisable to make a heating table with your own hands in an equipped home workshop. The design is a bottom heater consisting of the following components:

• housing, reflector, lamps;
• board fastening system;
• flexible thermocouple tube;
• lamp.

Frame

1. The base of the heating table is made in the form of a frame from an L-shaped tin profile. You can bend strips of metal with a corner. Cutouts are made with scissors and the metal is bent along them, connecting the parts with self-tapping screws.
2. The opening is covered with a metal mesh.
   To prevent it from bending, metal rods are pulled over the mesh in the transverse and longitudinal directions.

Installation of metal mesh

1. The old halogen lamp is disassembled, freeing the reflector from the lamps. It is cut along the inner perimeter of the body.
2. The lamps are returned to their place. The heater is inserted into the support frame from below.

Board mounting system

The aluminum strip is cut into several sections. Mounting holes are drilled in them.

Two sections of the profile are fixed on the wide sides of the body, in the grooves of which the screw clamps of the transverse rails will move. Everything will become clear from the bottom photo.

Flexible thermocouple tube

A spiral metal tube is installed in one of the corners of the frame, and the thermocouple wires are pulled through. The length of the tube must provide access for the thermocouple to the entire working area of ​​the station.

Lamp

A socket with a five-volt light bulb with a reflector is attached to the end of the flexible tube. The base of the metal hose is attached to the corner of the frame in the same way as in the previous case.

Upper heater

The infrared emitter consists of two elements, these are:

1. Ceramic plate in the housing.
2. Holder.

Attaching the tripod to the upper heater housing

Ceramic plate in the housing

The plate can be purchased on the electrical market or ordered on the online store website. The main thing is to make a durable case in which free air flow is ensured. How to do this can be seen in the photo.

Additional Information. A computer cooler mounted in the upper plane of the IR plate case will help protect the radio component from overheating.

Holder

A two-piece table lamp bracket is ideal for the holder. The base of the bracket is attached to the station frame. The upper rotary hinge is connected to the body of the upper heater.

PID controller on Arduino

A do-it-yourself IR station must be equipped with a control unit. You need to make a separate case for it. An Arduino board and a PID controller are placed inside. An approximate diagram of the layout of the station control unit parts is visible in the photo.

IR station control unit

The Arduino Mega 2560 R3 microprocessor platform controls the heating modes of the ceramic IR emitter and the thermal table platform. Wires for fans (top and bottom), PID controller, thermocouples and lamp are connected to the Arduino board.

Programming of the soldering station is carried out through the controller interface. Its screen reflects the current heating process of the printed circuit board on both sides.

Tester

Thermocouples act as testers. They are ultimately sources of information about the state of the heating level of the back side of the printed circuit board and the top surface of the microprocessor.

Work in practice

Before starting work, it is important to properly configure the IR soldering station.

Settings

After fixing the printed circuit board on the heating table and connecting the IR emitter to the microprocessor, they proceed to setting up the operation of the station. This is done using the interface keys of the thermal controllers of the upper and lower heaters.

The display of the bottom heating controller at the top shows the current temperature. Use the buttons on the bottom line to set the final value of the degree of heating of the printed circuit board.

The programmable top heating controller has 10 options (thermal profiles). The thermoprofile reflects the dependence of temperature on time. That is, warming up can be programmed in steps. Each step sets a certain time during which the temperature does not change.

Difficulty in work

Mass-produced infrared soldering stations are easy to use and easy to operate. Difficulties in the operation of the station may arise due to a discrepancy between the actual characteristics of the station and the data in the accompanying documentation. The equipment manufacturer is responsible for this in accordance with the warranty.

For people who repair modern electronic devices at home, a homemade infrared soldering station is a must. Purchasing professional equipment makes sense for workshops where there are large volumes of repair work.

Gas horn

A DIY gas forge should be practical. Its walls are made of fireclay bricks.

The manufacturing procedure is as follows:

• Refractory bricks are being prepared.
• The walls of the forge are folded. The amount of material varies depending on the complexity and size of the case.
• Surfaces are processed using a hacksaw.
• All elements fit tightly. The presence of cracks is not allowed.
• A threshold is installed in the front part.
• A rectangular hole is cut at the back. It serves both for ventilation and for working with long workpieces.
• A hole of the appropriate diameter is cut out on the side for the gas burner.
• The gas burner is made of stainless steel. This is a pipe welded at one end and with a metal mesh at the other.

Such a forge has its advantages:

• The furnace is structurally simpler than a coal forge.
• Simple fuel supply and simple temperature adjustment.
• Light weight.
• Low cost.

There are other types of gas forges made of metal. There are no fundamental differences between them.

Figure 3: Burner drawing for a gas forge

Do-it-yourself thermal table

Sometimes it is not enough to be good at using a soldering iron or a soldering iron.
To solder bga chips you need an infrared soldering station, but this is very expensive professional equipment that not everyone can afford.

In this instruction, I will talk about how an infrared soldering station with your own hands can be easily built by an interested person.

Briefly about what an IR soldering station is: it is a tool that allows you to solder microcircuits with leads not in the form of individual legs, but in the form of an array of solder balls. These are laptop central processors, chips in phones and video cards, and much more. In a factory version, such a station costs from 400 to 1500 dollars on average.

Step 2. Bottom heater: reflector, lamps and housing

household heater reflectors and a new housing we connect the housing with wires a finished lower heater for an IR soldering station connectors switch holders general view of the lower heater

Find an old halogen heater, open it up and take the reflectors and four halogen bulbs.

Be careful not to break the lamps! Now you need to use your imagination and figure out what kind of housing the bottom heater will have. You can use a case from an old PC or do it like I did.

I took aluminum corners 1 mm thick. They perfectly accommodated reflectors and lamps, and also provided the required structural rigidity.

This heater contains 4 pieces of 450 watt lamps connected in parallel. Use the standard heater wiring to connect them in the new housing.

Step 3: Bottom Heater: PCB Retention System

board holder claws nut nut top view nut bottom view clamp bolt card holder claw assembly

the board installed in the holders, close-up of the board's clamping location, another angle

Once you have completed the housing for the bottom heater, you will need to install the PCB mounting system. It consists, in my case, of sections of a profile used as a curtain holder. You need to cut six pieces of this profile, with approximate dimensions as in the photo.

Improvised nuts made from perforated metal tape, which can be purchased at hardware stores, are used as a holding element.

This fastening system allows you to secure and move printed circuit boards of various sizes within a fairly wide range, using only a screwdriver to loosen and tighten the nuts.

Step 4. Bottom heater. Thermocouple holders

fastening a flexible hose, threading a steel wire, a roll of steel wire, a shower hose

In order for our DIY infrared soldering station to function properly, it must maintain a specified heating and cooling temperature profile.

Otherwise, this can lead to cracking of printed circuit boards, overheating of microcircuits and other equally unpleasant consequences.

To control the heating profile, two thermocouples are used, which should control the temperature from the bottom and top of the soldered board.

In order for the thermocouples to be sufficiently movable and convenient to position, I came up with an excellent way to attach them.

To do this, we will need a pair of flexible shower hoses, some annealed steel wire (it is flexible and retains its shape after bending, unlike non-annealed steel wire).

You need to thread a piece of steel wire and thermocouple wire into the flexible hose. Then one end of the flexible hose needs to be screwed to the body of our lower heater.

Step 5: Top Heater

connecting the IR head of the soldering station IR head of the soldering station and housing

I used a 450 watt ceramic heater for the top heater. You can buy one on Aliexpress in the section of spare parts for soldering stations.

To this heater made of thin sheet iron you need to bend a body, approximately like the one in my photo. The housing is very important for good and proper air flow.

PS: The process of finding the constants P, I and D is an unpleasant procedure in this case, because the ceramic heater heats up and cools down for quite a long time.

Step 6: Top Heater: Holder

table lamp fastening the head fastening the IR head seat design of the IR head

Find or buy a used table lamp of approximately this type. We will need a leg mechanism from it.

Considering that the IR head of the infrared soldering station must reach any corner of our lower heater, you should first attach the IR head to the holder.

And then find out from what mounting position it easily moves across the entire surface of the lower heater of the infrared soldering station.

Attaching the holder to the lower heater can be done from a piece of PVC tube screwed to the body with a clamp.

Step 7. Arduino PID controller

Arduino controller housing and relays connectors and cooling mother thermal head connector do not kick for installation final view of the controller controller view of the display controller rear view

Now you need to either find a ready-made one or make it yourself from sheet metal a housing for the infrared soldering station controller. This case will fit: 2 solid-state relays, Arduino ATmega2560, display, power supply for Arduino, as well as various buttons and connectors.

Since I didn't know how hot the solid-state relays would get, I attached a heatsink to them. To blow air over the radiators and inside the controller, I installed a fan on the back wall of the controller.

In the code below, everything is explained in great detail about what is connected to what and how. Installation is very simple.

How to use the controller: There is no auto-tuning of the P, I and D values, so you will have to set them specifically for your infrared soldering station. There are 4 profiles.

In each of them you set the number of steps, temperature rise rate (C/S), dwel (time per waiting step), lower heating threshold, target temperature for each step and P, I and D values ​​for the lower and upper heater.

If you set for example 3 steps, 80,180 and 230° for the bottom heater with a threshold of 180, your board will not heat up only from the bottom heater to 180°, it will heat up from 180 from the bottom and continue to heat up to 230 from the top heater.

You can download the sketch from the link below.

https://www.dropbox.com/s/5inxb76xgkeun43/Arduino%20Rework%20Station.rar?dl=0

I deliberately did not explain the creation of such a thing as an infrared soldering station with my own hands in very detail, because your design will almost certainly differ from mine. I am giving my instructions only as an example of how to independently build an IR soldering station.

As they usually say, click like and repost the post on social networks if you liked my instructions.

Do-it-yourself heating table for soldering

Radio amateurs sooner or later have to deal with soldering elements using an array of balls. The BGA soldering method is used everywhere in mass production of various equipment.

For installation, an infrared soldering iron is used, which connects parts in a non-contact manner.

Ready-made modifications are expensive, and cheaper analogues do not have sufficient functionality, so it is possible to make a soldering iron at home.

DIY infrared soldering station

Description of the IR soldering process

The operating principle of an infrared soldering station is to influence the element with strong waves of 2-7 microns in length.

Minor alteration of the blowtorch

Everyone probably has an old blowtorch somewhere in their garage, which has served us faithfully for many years. But even now in some cases it is not replaceable, for example, for warming up the engine.

After all, our fathers always warmed up equipment with these lamps in 30-40 degree frosts. So I remembered the other day about this lamp, since the engine refused to start at -30.

So, I decided to modernize it a little, otherwise I didn’t feel like pumping it up every time by hand))), especially since the pump in the lamp was a little out of order, you pump it up, pump it up, and it will work a little and pump it up again .

And that’s what I did, the first thing I did was throw away all the insides of this pump, that is, the piston with handle, springs, washer, and left one valve. Then I took a 10 mm drill and drilled a hole in the lid, inserted a nipple from a tubeless tube (bought at an auto parts store).

You need to insert it with a little oil or soap on the inside to make it easier to fit in.

At the same time, the lid is screwed on tightly, since there is its own gasket between the body and the lid, and a valve (just in case). That's all the alteration, or rather the finishing touches.

Now all we have to do is add gasoline, pump it up with a pump or compressor to 2 or 3 atmospheres and off we go. After one and a half minutes of ignition, the lamp is ready for use.

Author; Nikita Andreevich Ekaterinburg

Homemade gas burners

The main components in the manufacture of powerful gas burners are industrial valves. They may be new, but for a homemade device it is enough to use used ones if there is no gas leak. They are designed to work in tandem with a 50-liter propane gas cylinder, which has an angle valve and a reducer.

Burner with valve VK-74

The structure of this burner is shown in Fig. 1. The oxygen cylinder valve VK-74 is used as a basis. A fitting-handle machined on a lathe is installed at the outlet end, to the corrugated part of which the hose from the cylinder is connected. A cap with a prepared hole with a thread for the nozzle is screwed onto the part of the valve with a conical thread K3/4˝, with which it was connected to the gas cylinder. You can use a ready-made blowtorch or gas stove.

The nozzle is made from a piece of 1/4˝ steel pipe 100 mm long and welded to the cap on two pieces of ∅5 mm wire. A distance of 15 mm should be left between the cap and the nozzle to allow air to enter the combustion zone. The position of the nozzle is adjusted by bending the wire holders to achieve a central flame position.

Sequence of actions to ignite the burner:

1. Open the cylinder valve;
2. Place a lit match near the nozzle and slowly open the burner valve;
3. Control gas ignition;
4. Adjust the flame using the burner valve

A homemade gas burner of this design has one drawback associated with the location of the valve. The gas flow is directed in the opposite direction to the normal position. Stuffing box seals experience constant gas pressure (including when the valve is closed), so it is necessary to constantly monitor the tightness of the seals.

Burner converted from acetylene gas cutter

If you have an acetylene torch with a faulty oxygen supply valve, do not rush to throw it away. It is also suitable for making a burner (Fig. 2). The mixing chamber requires modifications, the contents of which must be removed to reduce weight. The oxygen barrel and valve will need to be removed. Solder the resulting hole with hard solder. Connect the hose coming from the gas cylinder reducer to a fitting with a left-hand thread M16 × 1.5.

Using a union nut, secure a homemade tip bent at 45° to the mixing chamber to make it more convenient to work with the burner. Screw a flange with a nozzle welded to it onto the thread of the tip.

One of the options for such a burner is to use a cap with an M22 × 1.5 thread. The design of the nozzle here is similar to the nozzle of the burner described above. The homemade gas burner is ready for use.

Gas mini burner

Mini gas burners are more suitable for working with small parts. The mini burner is based on a needle for inflating balls. It is necessary to make a cut in it, a little further than the middle of the needle. Some needles already have a similar hole, which significantly speeds up the work process. Next, you need to take the syringe needle and bend it about 45 degrees in the middle.

Mini gas burner design

It is best to sharpen the pointed end of a syringe needle so that it is straight. After this, it needs to be inserted into the ball needle so that one end comes out through the hole, and the other protrudes from the large needle by several mm. The resulting mini structure should be fixed using soldering. After this, droppers must be attached to the bases of the two needles. Clamps - dropper regulators need to be moved as close to the needles as possible. In the resulting burner they will act as gas and air supply regulators. They also need to be fastened together, and this is best done using a heat gun. All that remains is to connect a source of compressed gas to the finished device, the burner is ready for use. This homemade gas burner can heat objects up to 1000 degrees

You should work with it carefully, observing safety precautions

How to make a gasoline torch for soldering with your own hands at home

Among the most useful and functional devices for the home workshop, a gasoline soldering torch occupies one of the leading places .

Such a device is capable of qualitatively connecting all kinds of metal structures using liquid metal technology.

The device operates on the basis of a gasoline-air combustible mixture, which is formed in the burner, and allows further smelting work to be carried out.

The rotary tap located on the handle acts as a regulator of the direction and power of the flame , which significantly simplifies the combustion process.

Today, metal smelting is carried out using two types of solders:

1. Low-melting.
2. Refractory.

If when working with low-melting metals almost all existing types of soldering irons are used, then in the case of refractory metals it is necessary to create maximum temperature indicators .

In this case, you simply cannot do without using a burner.

Currently, there are several varieties of such a universal device that can operate on the basis of different fuel mixtures, but at the same time heat the structure to the required temperature.

Among the most common and convenient torches are models for soldering and welding, which operate on gas or a gas-air mixture. You can purchase them at the appropriate store or try to create them yourself .

Homemade burner: description and characteristics of the device

If we talk about the burner design, it includes the following components and elements:

1. The burner itself.
2. Nozzle.
3. Conductive tip with electrode wire.
4. Welding arc.
5. Welding pool.
6. Weld.
7. Base metal.
8. Drops of electrode metal.
9. Gas protection.

A simplified version includes a gasoline tank or fuel tank, an air compressor, gasoline hoses and the burner itself, which, in turn, consists of individual parts.

Models that are used for soldering metals have the following structural elements:

1. Body.
2. Metal sleeve with hook.
3. With a pipe.
4. In a bunch.
5. With emphasis.
6. Filler.
7. A control ball (designed to change the air flow).
8. Rubber sealing ring.

If you are going to purchase a torch for soldering and welding, do not forget to pay attention to the presence of gas-resistant hoses . In most cases, they are not included in the basic kit, so there is a need for additional purchase of such parts.

The design of gasoline and gas burners is very simple , so you can make the design at home using improvised materials. However, despite the ease of assembly and the absence of complications in the configuration of the device, the gasoline burner remains a very valuable tool, which is characterized by many undeniable advantages.

1. Firstly, such a solution is lightweight and compact in size, which makes it very convenient for further use.
2. Secondly, the creation of a gasoline-air mixture allows you to create and maintain a high temperature regime, which is necessary to achieve maximum quality of the final result.

Making a gasoline burner with your own hands

Not everyone can purchase a new burner that runs on gas or a fuel-air mixture, which is due to the relative high cost of the device . And the purchased model does not always cope with the assigned tasks, especially if it has already been used. This may be due to the presence of hidden defects or breakdowns.

To avoid becoming a victim of such an unwise purchase, many men prefer homemade solutions, which are particularly affordable and easy to assemble. As mentioned earlier, even the most inexperienced welder can easily install such a device using improvised means, saving himself from high costs.

If a homemade gasoline burner is made taking into account the basic rules and recommendations, it should produce fire immediately after a lit match is brought to it. In this case, stable and steady combustion of the fuel-air mixture will be noticeable for another 3-7 minutes.

During the combustion process, it is possible to reach temperatures up to 1000 degrees Celsius. Using such a device, you can successfully melt all kinds of solder, including hard solder, as well as metals and glass.

In addition, the burner easily solves the problem of heat treatment of small-sized products.

To make a device with your own hands, it is enough to use a number of materials. Among them:

1. Frame.
2. Pen.
3. Sleeve.
4. Hook.
5. Emphasis.
6. A tube.
7. Balloon.
8. Ring.
9. Rubber bulb.
10. Filler.

By the way, it is not necessary to create such elements with your own hands - they are present in many other tools that are available in the home workshop. For example: instead of a rubber bulb, you can use a spray bottle .

Step-by-step instruction

A lathe is used to turn the body of the future device. Products from different manufacturers are used as steel. In this case, the body of such an important part is made composite so that one end remains open and the other is closed with a plug.

The latter case involves making a hole 0.1 millimeters larger than the outer diameter. This nuance will allow the body to move tightly within the tube, maintaining the necessary tightness.

1. A ring is fixed in the inner part of the body, which is made of slag wool or durable metal mesh.
2. At the next stage, the stop and bushing with a hook are manufactured, which involves the use of a durable steel sheet. Then a handle for a gasoline burner is cut out of oak or beech.
3. Then all that remains is to prepare the tube by very carefully drilling two holes so that they are parallel to each other. The finished product is processed using special sandpaper, covered with colorless varnish in three to four layers.
4. The last manufacturing step is to prepare the tube. The end of the element is passed through the middle of the body, which allows the formation of a nozzle. Using hard solder PMC-54, the end of the tube is soldered, and then a hole with a diameter of 0.2 millimeters is made along its axis.

Solder is optionally made from copper or zinc . In the first case, copper wire is used, which is fired and cut into several pieces using scissors.

When choosing the second option, use a glass from a regular electric battery, which is first cleared of its contents and hardened by fire.

After this, the glass is placed in a container with cold water and a weak solution of hydrochloric acid, cut into small pieces after such treatment.

Next, you need to combine pieces of zinc and copper in equal proportions, placing them in a crucible and sprinkling with borax. The fusion of metals is carried out on a burner. As a result, the block is cooled, secured in a vice and leveled using a file. The collected sawdust is collected and mixed with borax.

Other features and creation methods

It is not always possible to buy a ready-made burner that runs on a fuel-air mixture or gas, which is due to many reasons. Sometimes this is explained by the too high cost of the equipment, and sometimes by a simple lack of time to visit the store.

Therefore, more and more people are becoming interested in making a burner with their own hands. By the way, homemade solutions look no worse than purchased ones. Their productivity is quite high, and there are practically no .

As mentioned above, if you bring a lighter or a lit match to a homemade burner, a fire will immediately break out from the corresponding window, which will burn for about 5-7 minutes, reaching a temperature of over 1000 degrees Celsius.

Due to these features, the device can be used for productive melting of hard solders, heat treatment of small tools, melting of all kinds of metals, solders, and sometimes even glass.

Most of the parts of a homemade burner are created using improvised materials, since they can be borrowed from other unnecessary things.

The burner device itself includes:

1. Frame.
2. Sleeve with hook.
3. Emphasis.
4. Handle.
5. Rubber ring.
6. Balloon.
7. Pear (can be taken from a spray bottle).
8. Filler.

Method No. 1

If we talk about this method of making a gasoline burner, then it may be familiar even to those people who have never before asked the question of creating such a device . When completing this task, you need to take two aluminum cans, which must be empty. Cans of beer, condensed milk, Coca-Cola and other products are suitable.

• After thoroughly washing and drying the container, you can begin work. Four punctures are made in the central part of the bottom of the first jar. You can use a nail for this. Similar holes are made around the perimeter of the rim of the can. As a result, it is possible to produce a base part that will supply the flames.
• After this, you need to cut off the part that was made earlier from the rest of the container. The length of the side is three to four centimeters. If you cannot cut the product using ordinary scissors, you will have to use any other sharp object.
• The next step is to prepare a second jar, the bottom of which is simply cut off. Try to perform this step with extreme caution to prevent nicks from occurring. If there are nicks, it is enough to sand them off with sandpaper.
• In the end, all that remains is to connect the two resulting parts. By the way, at this stage, novice welders often have difficulties, because the cans have the same diameter and this significantly complicates the work. To solve the problem, it is enough to make a small cut in the side of one of the cans, wrapping the entire structure with aluminum tape to increase the tightness.

In order for the gasoline burner to be ready for use, all that remains is to fill it with gasoline and then heat the area with a lighter. It is better to thoroughly warm up the burner for 5-10 seconds, after which it will be able to maintain the optimal level without your help.

Now you see that creating such an indispensable device with your own hands is very simple.

Method No. 2

Another method is used to make burners. It is significantly more complex than the previous one, but allows you to achieve higher reliability, strength and operational durability. Therefore, if you place emphasis on such features, then it is better to make the burner using the second method. True, this will require a lot of effort, patience and time.

So, to successfully manufacture the structure you should take:

1. Compressor. You can use an old car inner tube that is constantly inflated, or a basic compressor from an unused refrigerator (if you have one).
2. Receiver. Here you can use a regular plastic canister with a volume of up to 10 liters. You also need to find a dense translucent cork.
3. Fuel tank. It uses a two-liter metal barrel that will store the fuel mixture.
4. Burner. This element is created with your own hands or purchased at the appropriate store.

If all the necessary parts have been collected, all that remains is to follow the instructions and assemble the future device.

If you strictly follow the basic rules and follow the step-by-step guide, the end result will exceed all your expectations and you will be pleasantly surprised by the quality of the homemade burner.

The main thing is to be ready to devote several hours of time and patience to the upcoming event.

Waste oil furnace

Considering that petroleum products are expensive, it is beneficial to use a forge using waste oil. To make the forge during mining, parts that have served their useful life are used. After processing the furnaces, a significant drawback emerged - the spent mixture did not ignite well. To eliminate this problem, an additional compartment was built into the mining forge. Here the oil is preheated with coal or wood. To improve combustion, waste fuel passes through filters and diesel fuel or gasoline is added to it.

As a result, the mining forge has the advantages of a yellow flame and stable temperature.

You can make it yourself:

• It is made from fireclay bricks, dimensions: 85×48×40 cm.
• The vault is made in the form of an arch to maintain temperature.
• The body is completely covered with sheets of iron. A thickness of 1.5 mm is used on the sides, and the top and bottom are lined with 2 mm sheets.
• The supports are made from angles based on the weight of the structure.

Air is pumped into the chamber by a fan. A waste tank is installed on a hill. From it, the oil enters the chamber through a pipeline, where it is picked up by air, which moves under a pressure of 2 atm. The waste is broken up and fed into the nozzle.

Scheme of the furnace during development: