Text of the book “Tinsmith Works. Folding, flanging, seating and beating of metal"

"Flanger" redirects here. For the musical project, see Flanger (band). For rail transport, see Flanger (railroad).

Beading

/ˈzhæпdʒɪŋ/ is a sound effect produced by mixing two identical signals together, one signal delayed for a short and gradually varying period, usually less than 20 milliseconds.
This gives a comb filter effect, resulting in peaks and notches. frequency spectrum related to each other by a linear harmonic series. Changing the delay time causes them to move up and down the frequency spectrum. A flanger
is an effects block that creates this effect.

A portion of the output signal is typically returned to the input ("recirculating delay line"), creating a resonant effect that further enhances the intensity of the peaks and valleys. The phase of the feedback signal is sometimes inverted, producing a different variation in the flanger sound.

Source

As an audio effect, the listener hears a "drainpipe", "whoosh" or "jet" motion effect as shifting sum and difference harmonics are created, similar to using a variable notch filter. The term "flanger" comes from one of the earliest methods of creating the effect. The finished music track is recorded simultaneously on two matching tape recorders, then played back synchronously on both decks. The playback head output from the two recorders is mixed with the third recorder. An engineer slows down one recorder by lightly pressing his finger on the flange (rim) of one of the playback reels. The "drainpipe" effect or subtle "whoosh" of the "flangoflango" is "unfolded" in one direction, and that recorder's playback remains slightly behind the other when the finger is removed. By pressing a finger on the flange of another deck, the effect returns in the other direction as the decks move toward synchronization. The Beatles' director George Martin disputed this source of "drum flange", instead attributing the term to John Lennon (see Martin's account below.)

Older recording equipment may suffer from flanging as a side effect when recording long tracks. Because the weight of the tape is built on a single reel, the pressure on it by the capstans caused flanging in mixing or dubbing. This was a problem that studio engineers faced in the 1960s and 1970s when recording large conceptual works, as Jethro Tull's Ian Anderson explained when outlining the studio challenges of recording Dumb as a Cork

.

Despite subsequent claims about who created flanging, Les Paul discovered the effect in the late 1940s and 1950s; however, he conducted most of his early phasing experiments with acetate discs on variable speed turntables. For Mammy's Boogie (1952), he used two disk recorders, one variable speed.[1][2] The first hit song with a very noticeable flanger effect was "The Big Hurt" (1959) by Tony Fisher.[3]

Further development of the classic effect is due to Ken Townsend, an engineer at EMI's Abbey Road Studios, who developed the process in the spring of 1966. Tired of painstakingly re-recording paired vocal tracks, John Lennon asked Townshend if there was a way for the Beatles to get the sound of two-track vocals without doing any work. Townsend came up with artificial dual tracking, or ADT. According to historian Mark Lewisohn, it was Lennon who first called the technique "flanging". Lennon asked George Martin to explain how ADT worked, and Martin responded with a nonsensical explanation: “Now listen, it's very simple. We take the original image and split it through a double vibrating flange with double negative feedback."[4] Lennon thought Martin was joking. Martin replied: “Well, let’s flank again and see.” From this point on, whenever Lennon wanted an ADT, he would ask for his voice to be flangered, or call for "Ken flanger". According to Lewisohn, the influence of the Beatles meant that the term "flanger" is still in use today, more than 50 years later. The first Beatles track with a flanger was "You Never Know What Happens Tomorrow" from Revolver

, which was recorded on April 6, 1966.
When Revolver
was released on August 5, 1966, almost every song was flanged.[5]

Others attribute it to George Chkianz, an engineer at the Olympic Studios in Barnes, London. An early example of a pop recording was Little Faces' 1967 single "Itchycoo Park", [6] recorded at Olympic and engineered by Chkianz's colleague Glyn Johns.

The first stereo flanger is attributed to producer Eddie Kramer, in the coda of Jimi Hendrix's "Bold as Love" (1967). Kramer said in the 1990s that he read BBC Radiophonic Seminar magazines of ideas and circuit diagrams.

Setting up Kendrick for flange control

In 1968, record producer Warren Kendrick developed a method of precise flanger control by placing two stereo 15 IPS (inches per second) Ampex tape recorders side by side.[7] Recorder A's take-up reel and B's feed reel were disconnected, as were Recorder A's channel 2, Recorder B's channel 1, and Recorder B's erase head. The tape was fed from left to right across both

tape recorders, and an identical signal was recorded on each channel of the tape, but offset approximately 18 inches along the length of the tape. During recording, a regular screwdriver was squeezed between the tape recorders so that the tape could move up and down. The same configuration was used during playback/mixing on the third recording device. The screwdriver was moved back and forth so that the two signals diverged and then converged. The latter method allows for zero-point flanging; those. the lagging signal crosses the leading signal, and the signals change places.[8][9][10][11]

This “jet plane” effect occurs naturally over long distances. shortwave radio music broadcasts. In this case, the different delays are caused by different propagation times of radio waves and multipath radio interference.

What is the FR marking on the tire?

On the sidewall of each tire there is an incredible number of letters and numbers that are not always clear to the average car enthusiast.
Today we will talk about the FR marking on the tire. What is this and is it worth buying models with such letters? This designation can be found exclusively on tires of the Continental brand, which means that we have tires with a side that protects the rim from damage. If we look closely at the tire itself, we will see an additional element in the bead area, similar to a seal or belt.

Another name for the thickening at the point of contact between the product and the metal is a bumper, which protects against mechanical impacts in the profile. Able to withstand lateral damage on bad roads, impacts with a sharp stone or when hitting a curb separating the pedestrian sidewalk and the roadway.

All such tires are collected in our catalog at this link: tires with rim protection

Artificial flange

In the 1970s, advances in solid state electronics made flanging possible using integrated circuit technology. Flanged solid state devices fall into two categories: analog and digital. The flanger effect in most new digital flangers is based on DSP technology. Flanging can also be done using computer software.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

The original film flanger effect differs slightly from electronic and software recreations.[19][20] Not only is the tape flaring signal time-delayed, but the response characteristics at different tape and tape head frequencies are also presented. the phase transforms into signals. Thus, although the peaks and valleys of a comb filter are more or less in a linear harmonic series, there is also significant non-linear behavior, causing the tape flanger timbre to be more like a combination of what has become known. both flanging and phasing.

Hair salon flange

This audio illusion, also known as an "infinite flanger", is similar to the Shepard Tone effect, and is equivalent to the auditory "barbershop".[21][22] The flange sound oscillation seems to move endlessly in only one direction ("up" or "down") rather than back and forth. While Shepard tones are created by generating a cascade of tones, fading in and out as the pitch rises or falls, the barber stand flanger uses a cascade of multiple delay lines, gradually fading each one into the mix and gradually decreasing to a delay time limit. The effect is available on a variety of hardware and software effects systems.[23]

Which tires can have wheel rim protection?

This element is optional and does not apply to all tires. Therefore, there are no uniform rules for their production.

Most often, such a seal is used on low-profile rubber, where the profile height is below 55% of the width. Wheels with such tires are most susceptible to damage.

For tires with a higher profile, this problem is practically absent, since the edge is placed on top of the metal, which protects it.

There is a special reinforcement on models manufactured in agreement with automobile companies, in the case of so-called tire homologation. And also on the tires selected for the original equipment. However, on a similar model in the same size, which is supplied to the market for secondary equipment, a similar addition may not be available.

Comparison with phase shift

Spectrograms of phasing and flanging effects
Flanging is one of the specific types of phase shifting, or "phasing".[24] In phasing, the signal is passed through one or more all-pass filters with a nonlinear phase response and then added back to the original signal. This results in constructive and destructive interference that varies with frequency, giving a series of peaks and valleys in the frequency response of the system. Typically, the positions of these peaks and valleys do not occur in a harmonic series.

In contrast, a flanger relies on adding a signal to its homogeneous copy with a time delay, resulting in an output signal with peaks and valleys that are

in the harmonic series. Continuing the comb analogy, flanging produces a comb filter with evenly spaced teeth, while phasing results in a comb filter with unevenly spaced teeth.

In both phasing and flangering, the characteristics (phase response and time delay, respectively) typically vary over time, resulting in an audible wobbling effect. To the ear, flanger and phasing sound the same, but can be recognized by their different colors. The flange is commonly referred to as a "reactive plane" characteristic. For a comb filter effect to be heard, the spectral content of the program material must be sufficiently complete across the frequency range of that moving comb filter to reveal the filter effect. This is most obvious when it is applied to material with rich harmonic content, and most obvious when it is applied to white noise or a noise-like signal. When the frequency response of this effect is plotted, the curve resembles a comb and is therefore called a comb filter.[25]

Why do you need tires with sidewall protection?

The need to create tires with such functionality did not arise by chance. Experienced drivers know that when parking, when there is not enough space, rubbing against the curb occurs, which can result in scratches and even damage to the disc.

Although beautiful and impressive, alloy wheels are very fragile. In the case of dents, they are not always repairable, during which they sometimes crack. Therefore, drivers try to be extremely careful, especially in the dark.

Manufacturers, understanding the problem that had arisen, decided to make a special reinforcement of the side, thus protecting the wheel from accidental damage.

Recommendations

1. Bode, Harald (October 1984) "The History of Electronic Sound Modification." Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
   .
   Vol. 32, no. 10, p. 730. (Convenience Archive[ permanent dead link
   ]).
2. Thompson, Art (1997) Stompbox: A History of Guitar Fuzz, Flanger, Phasers, Echoes and Wahs
   . Backbeat Books, page 24. ISBN 0-87930-479-0
3. Lacasse, Serge (2004) "Listen to My Voice": The Evocative Power of Vocal Performance in Recorded Rock Music and Other Forms of Vocal Expression
   .
4. Martin, George; Pearson, William (1994). Summer of Love: The Making of Sgt. Pepper
   . London: Pan Books. paragraph 82. ISBN 0-330-34210-X.
5. Lewisohn, Mark. The Beatles: The Recording Sessions
   (New York: Harmony Books, 1988), p. 70.
6. Hodgson, Jay (2010). Understanding Notes
   , p.142. ISBN 978-1-4411-5607-5. Breaks between chorus and verse at 0:50–1:07, 1:40–2:05 and 2:20–2:46.
7. Warren Kendrick Scheme - 'K-Tel Reissue CD 10002 (1991)'
8. "Thru-Zero Flanger - Classic belt flanging simulation." smartelectronix.com
   . Retrieved April 17, 2022.
9. "Liquid by Audio Damage - Modulation (Flanger / Phaser / Chorus / Tremolo) VST plugin and Audio Units plugin." kvraudio.com
   . Retrieved April 17, 2022.
10. "Flanger Effect in Audacity - Everything." Instructables.com
    . Retrieved April 17, 2022.
11. Google Groups. google.com
    . Retrieved April 17, 2022.
12. "Music Software Review: Softube's Flanger and Doubling Fix." filmandgamecomposers.com
    . May 27, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
13. "Real-time audio processing, part 4: comb filters, flanger and chorus effects - a little theory - philippseifried.com." philippseifried.com
    . Archived from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
14. "Flanger". analog.com
    . Retrieved April 17, 2022.
15. "Blue Cat's Flanger - Classic Flanger Effect Audio Plug-in (VST, AU, RTAS, AAX, DirectX) (Freeware)." bluecataudio.com
    . Retrieved April 17, 2022.
16. "TAL - Togu Audio Line: TAL effects." tal-software.com
    . Retrieved April 17, 2022.
17. "Azurite by Distorque - Chorus VST plugin." kvraudio.com
    . Retrieved April 17, 2022.
18. "Software synthesis". basicsynth.com
    . Retrieved April 17, 2022.
19. “Authentic tape flange in REAPER. — Cockos Incorporated Forums.” cockos.com
    . Retrieved April 17, 2022.
20. REAPER
21. "Sonic Barbershop: Shepard Scale." www.cycleback.com.
22. "Barberpole Flanger by Christian Budde - VST Modulation plugin (Flanger / Phaser / Chorus / Tremolo)." kvraudio.com
    . Retrieved April 17, 2022.
23. "audio software from Oli Larkin." Olilarkin.co.uk. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
24. "IN. What is the difference between phasing and flanging? soundonsound.com
    . Retrieved April 17, 2022.
25. "Pack of free plugins for Blue Cat II." bluecataudio.com
    . Retrieved April 17, 2022.

Which manufacturers produce tires with bump stops?

Used by premium or famous brands, each of which indicates the presence of this element in its own way:

• FP - Flange Protector or RFP - Rim Fringe Protector from Goodyear
• FR - “Flange Protector” for Continental, as well as ML - “With edge” (Mit Leiste in German) for tires homologated for Mercedes or Audi
• RPB - Yokohama Rim Protection Bar
• MFS - “Maximum Flange Shield” from Dunlop

As the names suggest, the essence is identical - to protect from damage. We also know about the CPJ designation, which is used by Michelin for tires with the same functionality produced for the North American market. The absence of a special seal is indicated by the letters FB (Flat Base), but they are not installed on all tires.

If you drive on low-profile tires and are concerned about the safety of your wheels, we recommend buying tires marked FR/FP/FRP/RPB/MFS and others.

Source

What does rim protection look like on tires?

To understand whether the tire protects the rim from damage, look at the bead area. If it has a protruding lip or is sealed, tangential impacts will most likely not affect the integrity of the wheel rim. As a rule, manufacturers provide wheel protection in low-profile tires. Today, these include tires with a profile (or series) less than 55. Tires with a profile from 55 by themselves protrude beyond the vertical plane of the disk, which protects it from rough influences - additional elements in the side area are simply not needed.

What kind of tires are these, with which you are not afraid to rub the wheel against the curb (+VIDEO)

And the old woman sometimes gets a hole, so even experienced drivers sometimes grind the disc against the curb stone. If you have inexpensive iron wheels, you won’t be too upset. And if you hit yourself with expensive alloy wheels of large diameter, you will be in a bad mood, because painting scratches and repairing chips will not be cheap. Play the video to find out what to look for when choosing tires for expensive rims. If watching is uncomfortable, read the material under the video.

Join us on Instagram, Facebook, VKontakte or Odnoklassniki to stay up to date with news, competitions, discounts and promotions. More interesting information about tires and cars is on our YouTube channel.

Is it worth buying

Just as taking ascorbic acid does not guarantee the resistance of the immune system to viruses, tires with rim protection do not guarantee that the wheels will not have to be painted or repaired. If the contact turns out to be a blow, the shock-absorbing properties of the rubber are simply not enough. At the same time, it is still worth hunting for such tires in Minsk stores if the car has expensive alloy wheels. Namely, low-profile tires are used on expensive light-alloy wheels.

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Source

Distinctive features of tires

Pneumatic car tires differ in the method of sealing the internal volume, the location of the cord threads in the tire frame, the height and width of the profile, the type of tread, and the seasonal purpose.

Depending on the sealing method, tires can be tubed or tubeless . Currently, tubeless tires are replacing tube tires.

Tube tires (TUBE TYPE)

Tube tires consist of a tire, a tube with a valve and a rim tape that fits onto the rim of the disc.

Design of a wheel with a tube tire: 1 – disk rim; 2 – camera; 3 – tire (tire); 4 – valve

The valve is a check valve that allows air to be forced into the tire and prevents it from escaping to the outside.

Chamber valve: 1 – spool rod; 2 – threaded head; 3 – bushing; 4 – seal; 5 – upper calyx; 6 – spool sealing ring; 7 – lower calyx; 8 – valve body; 9 – spool spring; 10 – guide cup; 11 – rubber-coated casing. The rim tape protects the tube from damage and friction against the disk and tire rim.