Push-in connections classification, types of pipes, operating techniques and instructions for use

The three-jaw clamping mechanism, of course, is capable of compressing and decompressing parts every minute during processing, but this mode is rich in counterarguments and the main ones are ruinous for the manufacturer itself and tiring for the machine operator.

The use of lightweight machines (weighing up to 1000 kg) did not solve these challenges, but ended the problem with the invention of the collet in the clamping device, which subsequently moved to bar machines and CNC machining centers.

What are collets for hand routers?

Collets are often mistakenly confused with jaw chucks, which are used for similar applications. Their main difference is that the jaw chuck is a more versatile clamping device and, unlike collets, can be successfully used to hold tools with shanks of various diameters. In collets designed for a shank of a certain diameter, it is impossible to fix a tool with a shank of a different size. That is why from a set of collets you should choose those that exactly match the diameter of the shank of the tool used.

Collet chuck

Collet nuts designed for tools with shanks of different diameters are no different from each other; the differences between such devices lie in the different sizes of their clamping elements. In this regard, one nut, from which the collet can be removed quite easily, can be used in a set with clamping elements for shanks of various diameters, but it is much more convenient and practical when each collet for a router is included in the set with its own nut.

Design features

Collets are made from tool and alloy steels with a hardening feature:

the working part is hardened to the required hardness;
the shank is tempered to the optimum value.

Being self-clamping, the devices do not require the use of additional screws, pins or locking elements.
Centering accuracy is ensured by elastically deformable clamping elements, called petals, moving simultaneously in the working space. This ensures their self-centering.
The accuracy error of part centering does not exceed 0.05 – 0.08 mm.
The forces when bending the petals should not exceed the limits of their elasticity. Hence, the requirement for the accuracy of the diameter of the part for placement in the clamping device.
NON-STOP collet chuck Batrokhanov allows you to install and change workpieces without stopping the rotation of the spindle. The processing speed is limited by the speed that the machine bearings can withstand.
A characteristic feature of collet devices is:

applicability in a range of workpiece sizes, from minimal to below average;
high cutting speed at low feeds;
increased requirements for the accuracy of the dimensions of workpieces and tool shanks and their slight differences from the dimensions of the holes formed by the clamping blades.

Device manufacturing algorithm

The collection takes place in 3 stages. Let's take a closer look at each of them.

Making a mini cartridge

In order to assemble a mini drill chuck, you need to purchase a collet - a special mechanism designed for clamping cylindrical objects. Next, you need to connect the motor to the contacts of the future battery, which will power the device during operation.

If your drill is spinning in the wrong direction, swap the wire contacts.

Finding a drill of the right size is not difficult. Insert the drill into the collet body and clamp tightly. Next, the finished nozzle must be installed on the motor body. The collet should fit tightly onto the motor shaft. Otherwise, you cannot avoid vibration. The chuck for a homemade mini drill is ready.

Attachments for a homemade mini drill

can be purchased at any hardware store. Before purchasing, make sure they match the diameter of the collet.

Preparing the body

As a housing for the future device, you can use either an antiperspirant container or a regular hollow tube of a suitable size. hollow tube as the body

.
it is necessary to cut off the bottom and insert a rubber or other plug in its place. If you are making a device from an antiperspirant body
. a hole must be drilled in the cover for the drill to exit.

Connecting the elements

The motor must be installed on the reverse side. If your motor is not the right size, choose another tube. The fit must be very tight to avoid vibration as the shaft rotates. After this, it is enough to tighten the bolts on the collet and connect the resulting device to the electrical network.

One of the main disadvantages of assembling a drill with your own hands from a motor is the lower power compared to a standard device and the low strength of the drill.

If your work requires a cutter, you can easily make one yourself from an old lighter.

To do this, remove the spinning drum from the lighter and place it on a bolt of a suitable size. Secure this with a nut and insert it into the collet hole. The cutter for surface treatment is ready!

If for some reason the cartridge does not fit in size

to the cylindrical shaft of the motor or coil, it is necessary to degrease it well and then attach it to hot glue. This will help to obtain a stable and durable structure.

Such a mini drill with purchased attachments can perform minor repairs on technical equipment, drilling plastic, thin metal, and making crafts.

The problem of consumption or lack of collet cartridges is especially familiar to jewelers. Specialists involved in the manufacture of printed circuit boards also face this problem.

Collet chucks can be created independently from available materials. However, there are some nuances that will be covered in detail in the article below.

It should be noted right away that a hastily made collet will not be dismountable. That is, strictly speaking, removing one drill from it and inserting another will not work. For this reason, the manufacturing method is more suitable for those who need to create a large number of identical holes.

So, to create a homemade collet chuck we will need:

drill;
blank;
steel wire;
soldering flux;
hoop.

Initially, you should wind the steel wire around the blank in the form of a rigid spring (the half rings come as close to each other as possible). Next, the resulting structure must be thoroughly soldered.

Today, anyone can easily purchase a special cam for any type of drill. This can be done both in construction boutiques that offer equipment for sale, and on the Internet (at auctions such as Ebay or Amazon).

The price of such a device does not exceed sixty rubles. Purchasing a cam will forever save you from searching for suitable collets for using various drills.

Of course, it is better to purchase a cam made of high-carbon, durable steel. To tighten it, it is recommended to use a special wrench, which is included in the kit.

Engine power and control system

There are three gradations of milling cutters: low, medium and high power. High drive performance is required with increased cutter lengths. So, for artistic milling and making grooves up to 10 mm deep, low-power milling machines with a power of up to 800 W are quite sufficient. In turn, processing the edges of tabletops, making quarters and carpentry processing of massive parts requires the use of tools with a power of over 2 kW.

You should choose the power of the router carefully: due to operation at high speeds, the gyroscopic effect is clearly manifested, which makes the tool difficult to hold in your hands. On the other hand, an increase in power is associated with an increase in the size and weight of the tool, which makes it very difficult to process small parts that require a delicate approach.

Any router should be equipped with a speed controller, preferably an electronic one. The diameter of the cutters can vary widely; therefore, to achieve the correct cutting speed, it is necessary to set the rotation speed from 10 thousand rpm to 35 thousand rpm. The speed setting range for different milling cutters can vary greatly; this parameter is determined by the type of materials being processed and the size of the cutters that will be used during work. It must be remembered that the speed controller scale is marked conditionally, and therefore the user manual must have a speed correspondence table.

To work with valuable wood species or artificial stone, the router must be equipped with so-called constant electronics. This is a small spindle speed control unit that maintains the set speed regardless of the load on the engine and the current mains voltage. Without this option, it is almost guaranteed that the milled surfaces will be uneven.

How to make a chuck for a mini drill Video

For a homemade cartridge, you will need a piece of metal or textolite pipe with a diameter suitable for the motor shaft. The length of the homemade bushing should be at least 2 times the length of the shaft and allow the drill to be securely secured.

The sleeve can be secured using screws or hot glue. As a rule, the motor shaft has a diameter of 2-5 mm, and drills for making circuit boards have a smaller diameter. This means that you need to fill the resulting space with filler and achieve alignment between the drill and the shaft.

As a filler, take rosin and pour it into the hole in the sleeve. Melt the rosin with a soldering iron and insert the drill. The rosin will harden and hold it securely.

To achieve perfect alignment, melt the rosin again and turn on the power. While the rosin has not hardened, try using tweezers to correct the position of the drill. If necessary, repeat the operation again.

ratings, average:
5.00
out of 5)

Clamping collets for milling machines according to GOST

Such clamps must very accurately match the dimensions with the seats on the spindles and with the dimensions of the cutters and drills. Therefore, their sizes are strictly regulated by uniform standards, in our case GOSTs. This is necessary; otherwise, if replacement is necessary, it will simply not be possible to select an option that exactly matches the machine spindle. Or a randomly sized clamp will not hold the cutter.

For example, Morse tapers for mounting the clamp on the spindle are marked by No. The diameter of the clamp (shank of a cutter or drill) must be indicated in the characteristics of each product.

GOST, now unified with international standards, provides standards for main and connecting dimensions for the standardization of such products.

Collet chuck design

The chuck consists of a clamping nut and a set of collets. Available with retractable, retractable or fixed collet. According to their purpose, collets can be clamping or feeding.

The feed collet is a hardened steel sleeve with 3 cuts that form a kind of petals with ends directed towards the center and springy. The opening of the feed collet should be such that the workpiece is clamped tightly. The feed collet is screwed onto a rotating feed rod, which feeds the workpiece using a hydromechanical or cam mechanism. When installing the workpiece into the chuck, its Morse end moves between the petals, spreading them apart. Under the influence of elasticity, the petals are pressed tightly against the workpiece. The adhesion increases during processing due to frictional forces.

A solid collet is a sleeve with petals that spring back when impacted. To work parts with a diameter of less than 3 mm, three-lobe collets are used, from 3 to 80 mm - four-lobe collets, and more than 80 mm - six-lobe collets. The grip is increased by reducing the clearance of the slots as the collet is pulled into the chuck.

Split collet - used for fastening parts of the smallest diameter. The jaws of such a cartridge are moved apart using springs. Split collets can be equipped with replacement inserts; their type and dimensions depend on the characteristics of the workpiece.

Collet chucks also hold metalworking tools (drills, taps, cutters) with a small diameter Morse shank. The cutter is secured with a replaceable collet, additionally reinforced with a nut. When screwing the nut, the collet is recessed inside, and being elastic, it firmly clamps the Morse shank. The disadvantage of this type of chuck is that each cutter diameter requires its own collet.

In longitudinal turning machines, a self-clamping chuck is used to secure the mini-workpiece being processed. The design of such collets is somewhat different from conventional ones. Together with them, conventional tools for clamping a Morse taper can also be used to secure the workpiece.

Homemade collet coupling of the simplest design

The simplest collet, operating on the principle of a coupling, can be made of steel wire with a diameter of 1 mm. It should be borne in mind that the collet of the proposed design is not a universal clamping device and can only be used for drills of the same diameter

It is important that the transverse size of the drills used corresponds as closely as possible to the diameter of the output shaft of the drive motor. In addition, it is important to consider that such a collet can only be used when drilling materials with low viscosity

To manufacture a collet coupling of the proposed design, the following consumables, fixtures and tools will be required:

a cylindrical metal blank, the diameter of which corresponds to the diameters of the output shaft of the electric motor and drill;
steel wire;
electric soldering iron;
soldering flux.

The process of manufacturing a collet chuck for a microdrill is carried out according to the following algorithm:

The wire is wound onto a blank so that a rigid spring is formed

It is important that the spring coils are located as close to each other as possible. The finished spring is carefully soldered without removing it from the blank. The simplest collet can be made with your own hands and in a different design

The design of such a cartridge, the manufacturing cost of which will be very low, consists of two halves fastened with a screw. On the inner surface of each of these halves, cylindrical grooves are machined, which, when tightening the screw, ensure fixation of both the clamp on the drive motor shaft and the tool used. If you decide to make such a collet clamp with your own hands, keep in mind: in order for it to work correctly, you must balance it before using it.

The simplest collet can be made with your own hands and in a different design. The design of such a cartridge, the manufacturing cost of which will be very low, consists of two halves fastened with a screw. On the inner surface of each of these halves, cylindrical grooves are machined, which, when tightening the screw, ensure fixation of both the clamp on the drive motor shaft and the tool used. If you decide to make such a collet clamp with your own hands, keep in mind: in order for it to work correctly, you must balance it before using it.

Attaching the collet chuck to the machine and hand tools

The collet chuck is mounted and centered on the lathe spindle. Note that the diameters of the cartridges and methods of their installation are standardized. The most common spindle end designs include Type C and Type D (cam-lock) fasteners. Also, to install collet chucks, flanges and faceplates are often used, which are placed on the spindle.

Now we will tell you how to center a collet chuck on the motor shaft of a hand tool (electric drill). The adjustment is carried out in two planes, and first the runout is eliminated in one plane, then in the other. Work progress:

Fix the drill on the table (in a lying position).
Rotate the chuck until the desired pair of bolts is parallel to the table.
Rotate the chuck 180 degrees and note the deflection of the chuck.
Eliminate wobble by tightening and loosening a couple of screws.

Do the same with the second pair of screws. To make the deviation in two planes more noticeable, use a long drill.

Mini drill made from an electric chuck

The first option for assembling this device with your own hands is based on the use of an electric cartridge
. which can be purchased separately, or taken out of the light bulb. If you buy it, it is very inexpensive, but the cost will be justified.

Also, to assemble a mini-drill with your own hands from a chuck, you will need the following things:

motor;
a jar of soap bubbles;
construction knife;
insulating tape;
hot glue;
blowtorch;
household switch.

Mini drill body and core

Work should begin by preparing the body of the mini-drill, which will serve as a jar for soap bubbles

. This is done like this:

Prepare a jar lid. To do this, heat up the soldering iron and use it to make a small hole in the lid of the jar.
The diameter of this hole should be slightly larger than the diameter of the drill base.
The bottom of the jar must be completely cut out.

Let's start working with the core:

We connect the cartridge with the motor. Most often, motors are taken from different tools that have already been used.
Before the bonding process, the motor must be completely degreased using acetone.
The cartridge can also be degreased, but there is no need to water it like a motor with acetone. Regular wiping will be sufficient.

The method of fastening occurs through cold welding

. If this method does not suit you, you can also use hot glue. Remember that the more complex your future mini-drill, the more materials you will need to assemble it yourself.

When planting with welding or glue, you need to work extremely carefully so that everything turns out as smooth as possible. It will not be possible to redo the work later, keep this point in mind.

You also need to consider the following:

at the mounting location on the cartridge there is a hole that needs to be covered before connecting the parts;
putty is carried out using simple plasticine;
Only the holes should be filled with plasticine; there should not be any left on top of the cartridge.

How to choose the right set of collet clamps

When purchasing a set of collet clamps for a hand router, you may encounter the fact that the collets will not be of the highest quality. In addition, they may not coincide with the diameters of the shanks of the tools they are intended to fix. Such situations, unfortunately, are not very uncommon and are especially typical for those cases when a cheap set or products from little-known manufacturers are purchased. The only way out of such situations is most often the purchase of a new set of collets for the router.

The collet chuck must match the router spindle, and the collet must match this chuck. Collets often have different cone angles and fit only “their” clamping nut

To avoid the problem of purchasing collets of inappropriate quality and size for a router, it is better to opt for products from trusted manufacturers. If this is not possible, you must carefully check the collets included in the kit to ensure they comply with the required quality and standard dimensions of the milling tool.

Choosing a collet clamp for a router on Aliexpress and other sites

Compatibility is the first and most necessary condition for choice. The clamp must be suitable for the specific tool model. The choice for stationary milling machines is most often made by the marking of the clamp. It must be indicated in the Operating Instructions for the machine. For example, ER 11, or ER 16.

When there is no marking, the choice is made based on appearance and diameter sizes. For example, this is how clamps for an engraving and milling Dremel are shown on Aliexpress.

The main parameters are clearly indicated here - the diameter of the mini-drills for each chuck (from 0.5 mm to 3 mm) and the mounting diameter of the entire assembly on the tool spindle - 2.35 mm.

Sometimes it is possible to select specifically by the name of the router model. For example, a clamp for the INTERSKOL FM-67/2200E router. But this is on other sites. On Aliexpress, classification of parts by model is rare.

A collet clamp can be called by different names. Especially on foreign sites: adapter, spindle clamp, chuck.

Collet chuck design

The chuck consists of a clamping nut and a set of collets. Available with retractable, retractable or fixed collet. According to their purpose, collets can be clamping or feeding.

Classification

When starting to install household communications, you should understand that the parts for pipelines differ from each other and each of them has its own purpose. Classification according to general characteristics helps not to get confused in the diversity of market offerings.

Push-in fittings can be divided according to their purpose into:

gas pipeline (pneumatic);
water supply (hydraulic).

Parts for gas pipelines have only one o-ring on the fitting or do not have one. Pneumatic fittings can be divided into parts with cylindrical pipe threads and parts with tapered threads based on the type of thread.

According to their use, fittings are divided into three categories:

intended for rigid pipe (metal);
for semi-solid pipelines (metal-plastic);
for soft pipes (polymers).

Push-in fittings made of plastic do not have a union nut. They are secured by means of a latch of the part body directly to the collet. The collet has metal teeth that press the soft polymer pipe.

By type of connection:

intended for a straight section - simple couplings, transition couplings for different diameters, transition couplings from pipe to hose (with fitting), plug couplings;
intended for an adjustable unit - tees, crosses;
intended for turning or circling - corners.

In order to select fittings of the required configuration in sufficient quantities, you should have a project for the future pipeline.

How to make your own cartridge

For work on wood, soft metals and plastics, and home production of printed circuit boards, a low-power mini-drill made by yourself is suitable. The easiest way is to equip it with a ready-made mini-self-clamping mount made from a pen or pencil. But if you don’t have any at hand, it’s not at all difficult to make a mini-collet with your own hands. Required: soldering iron, 1 mm thick steel wire, solder.

a spiral is rolled from the wire with a diameter equal to the diameter of the electric motor shaft and the drill with which to work;
the spiral is soldered, high quality connections are ensured by soldering flux or KFET;
the spiral is put on the shaft and the mini-collet is ready.

Video about how a qualified metal turner made a self-clamping chuck with his own hands:

A collet chuck is a type of chuck widely used in lathes. it is a self-clamping type of such fixtures since it does not require any additional parts. This is a simple and reliable device that is perfect for turning. What are the features of a collet clamp and how to choose it correctly will be discussed in the article.

Rules for installing a cutter in a collet

The cutter shank should fit into the collet 70-100% of its length.

Examples of correct and incorrect placements are shown in the image:

In the first case, the shank sat too deep. In some cases, the nut may catch on the workpiece, which will prevent it from working. Also, the cutter may simply not reach the workpiece.

In the second case, the fastening is dangerous. The shank can pull out under high RPM load and cause clamp failure and operator injury.

In the third case, the shank is positioned correctly. If the depth of the height adjustment stroke on the router itself is not enough, sometimes the cutter is moved slightly, raised or lowered in the clamp itself. In this case, as mentioned above, the shank must fit into the clamp for at least 70% of the length of the landing sleeve.

This unit breaks quite rarely on high-quality milling cutters, but it does happen. Replacing it is not a problem, only the right choice for a specific model is important. The only problem may be wasting time searching in stores or waiting for delivery when purchasing online.

How not to damage the collet of a HITACHI router is shown in detail in the video:

As you can see, a collet and a router are two irreplaceable things. If you still have any questions, please ask us through the comment form located immediately below the article. We will definitely answer.

Purpose and types of collet chucks

Collets, acting as clamping elements, provide fixation not only of tools for the router, but also of workpieces that are being processed. In chucks equipped with collets, in particular, workpieces subjected to both roughing and finishing can be equally successfully fixed.

According to their design, collet chucks are divided into several main types:

retractable;
retractable;
equipped with fixed collets.

Design of chucks with retractable and retractable collets

According to their purpose, collet chucks can be classified as feed chucks or clamping chucks. The first is a sleeve made of hardened steel, on the side surface of which three partial cuts are made, forming springy clamping tabs. The dimensions of the internal hole of such a device, in order for it to be able to provide reliable fixation, must strictly correspond to the geometric parameters of the workpiece being processed. A cartridge of this type is used in conjunction with a supply pipe (screwed onto its threaded end). In order for the workpiece, which is located in such a pipe, to receive axial movement, a cam mechanism or a hydromechanical drive is used. This device works on the principle of the well-known collet pencil, through the opening and closing petals of which the lead rod moves.

Collet clamps, their types, application features, tips for making a collet with your own hands

Depending on the work to be done and the purpose of the machines, all clamping products can be classified into the following types:

Lever;
Collet;
Drilling, also known as quick-clamping;
Wedge and hydraulic chucks;
Three- and four-cam;
Thermal cartridges and membrane.

Self-clamping drill chucks are used on universal or special lathes. Their use allows the clamping force to be transferred with less torque compared to drill chucks.

Self-production

For working on wood, metal and plastics and for making a variety of printed circuit boards, a small drill is best. It should be equipped with a ready-made mini-clamp-type mount.

But if you don’t have one at hand, you can easily make it yourself. Here you will need a soldering iron, millimeter-thick steel wire and solder.

Next, the manufacturing process proceeds according to the following scheme:

We roll the wire into a spiral. Its diameter must be equal to the diameter of the electric motor shaft and the drill with which it will be necessary to work;
Solder the spiral. High quality is ensured by soldering flux or similar options;
Then we put the spiral on the shaft - and the mini-chuck for our drill is completely ready.

Homemade collet chucks are perfect if there are no ready-made clamps for drills and if you have the appropriate skills to make such mechanisms yourself. They will also become indispensable in the household, when work with specific parts is required, and ready-made clamps may not be suitable for any specifications.

The collet is an important element in lathes of various modifications. With its help, you can carry out work on processing and milling metal and plastic parts. In addition, you can easily make it yourself using available materials.

The variety of such mechanisms available today allows you to select the optimal clamp model for your personal needs.

It is also very important to take into account the method of attaching it to the spindle and the dimensions of the flange, since without them it will be impossible to select a collet

Have fun working with different types of clamps!

Types of chucks

chuck with collet set

Lathes, drilling and milling machines for metal use chucks with mechanical or manual clamping with 2, 3 or 4 jaws. Self-centering 2-jaw machines are used in the manufacture of shaped castings. In 3-jaws, hexagonal and round blanks with a Morse taper are attached. And when processing asymmetrical, rectangular or rods, 4-jaw sets are more convenient.

All clamps are divided into the following categories:

lever;
collet;
drilling (quick-clamping, BZP);
wedge;
hydraulic chucks;
membrane;
thermal cartridges;
3-jaw;
4-jaw.

Self-clamping drill chuck is used on universal or special lathes. Their design allows for a stronger transfer of clamping force with a torque significantly lower than spiral chucks. The structure is made of hardened steel and the set of cams is made of the same metal.

The delivery set includes a set of mounting bolts and cams. Often the cartridges that come with a drilling or milling machine break quite quickly, as they are made of low-quality metal. A qualified turner can make a new one with his own hands.

Push-in connection Pipes and plumbing

Plastic pipes are becoming increasingly popular every year; they are actively used for organizing both cold and hot water supply networks, as well as for installing heating systems.

To combine such pipes into systems and to connect them to plumbing fixtures, various connecting elements are used, which include a collet clamp.

Collet-type fittings, the use of which does not require special tools and complex equipment, are capable of providing reliable and durable connection of pipeline elements for various purposes. Such clamps can be used both for the installation of pipelines and for connecting plumbing fixtures to the latter.

Straight and angled push-in fittings

How to make your own cartridge

Work progress:

a spiral is rolled from the wire with a diameter equal to the diameter of the electric motor shaft and the drill with which to work;
the spiral is soldered, high quality connections are ensured by soldering flux or KFET;
the spiral is put on the shaft and the mini-collet is ready.

Video about how a qualified metal turner made a self-clamping chuck with his own hands.

The question of how to make a collet clamp with your own hands is relevant for those who are engaged in jewelry making, engraving or printed circuit board manufacturing and use such equipment. It is specialists in these categories who most often encounter breakage of the collet clamp, which can be replaced with a new production model or made with their own hands.

There are several options for making a collet chuck with your own hands, each of which has certain nuances. However, no matter what method is used to make a homemade clamp, its price will compare favorably with the cost of a serial model.

What can you buy on Aliexpress?

On this Internet site you can find almost all types of clamps that are produced all over the world. With the exception of massive clamps for old Soviet industrial machines. You should not look there for such components for modern domestic and imported expensive industrial machines - it is better to contact the manufacturer directly or a service center licensed by the manufacturer.

In the video: Chinese collet chuck ER25 for the NGF - 110 milling machine:

Working principle of the collet chuck

Chucks with a set of replaceable collets are used for fastening axial workpieces and cutters on milling, lathe, drilling machines, and computer numerical control (CNC) equipment. There are many sizes and types of collet chucks that all work on the same principle. The self-clamping nut applies pressure to the end of the collet, which moves into the conical opening; its diameter decreases due to compression, firmly holding the tail end of the Morse cutter. To remove the cutter or part, the nut is screwed together, the pressure is reduced and the collet is released.

Typically, such fasteners are used for processing bushings, cylindrical parts with a Morse shank, and rods. They are very convenient for secondary fastening of already processed parts. If the profile of the part does not match the shape of the cartridge inlet, replaceable cartridges from the kit are used.

Areas of application of collet devices

Mostly such devices find a place as an element of equipment for lathes, drilling, rotary and longitudinal machines. This covers one part of the setup, but what is the collet in terms of compatibility with the machining tool? Targeted gripping tools include taps, dies, drills and cutters. Specific compatibility will be determined by the shank type. By the way, not only machine tools use similar systems for fastening processing parts. Hand-held power tools are also provided with spring-loaded chucks with a screw-on nut, only in a smaller format.