At what temperatures do lighters burn? — Science and Technology — Catalog of articles — Ilya Vinshtein’s blog

Types of flame

The glow of fire is divided into two types:

• non-luminous;
• glowing.

Almost every glow is visible to the human eye, but not every one is capable of emitting the required amount of luminous flux.

The glow of the flame is determined by the following factors.

1. Temperature.
2. The density and pressure of the gases that participate in the reaction.
3. Presence of solid matter.

The most common cause of glowing is the presence of a solid substance in the flame .

Many gases burn with a faintly luminous or non-luminous flame. Of these, the most common are hydrogen sulfide (blue flame, like combustion), ammonia (pale yellow), methane, carbon monoxide (pale blue flame), and hydrogen. The vapors of some volatile liquids burn with a barely luminous flame (alcohol and carbon disulfide), and the flame of acetone and ether becomes slightly smoky due to the slight release of carbon.

What are lighters with colored flames called?

Comrade Goose, you answered almost everything yourself. Lighters are not called anything. It's like asking what different colored cars are called. Simply, a ball with a certain substance (maybe some metal) is soldered into the place where the flame is, so it gives a different color to the color of the flame. And =cricket= has nothing to do with it. I've never seen =cricket= with colored flames.

Vova is right...probably

Such lighters are not called anything. You can just put this ball on the autogenki. Because the flame temperature in ordinary ones (the same as Cricket) is insufficient. And in that ball there is a substance - salts of the metals that I wrote to you. (usually highly volatile). PS By the way, thank you for making my last answer the best. :))

touch.otvet.mail.ru

Flame temperature

For different flammable vapors and gases, the flame temperature is not the same. Also, the temperature of different parts of the flame is not the same, and the area of ​​complete combustion has higher temperatures.
When burned, a certain amount of combustible substance releases a certain amount of heat. If the structure of the substance is known, then the volume and composition of the resulting combustion products can be calculated. And if you know the specific heat of these substances, then you can calculate the maximum temperature that the flame will reach.

It is worth remembering that if a substance burns in air, then for every volume of oxygen that reacts there are four volumes of inert nitrogen. And since nitrogen is present in the flame, it is heated by the heat that is released during the reaction. Based on this, we can conclude that the flame temperature will consist of the temperature of combustion products and nitrogen.

• The best lighters from AliExpress

It is impossible to determine the temperature precisely, but it can be approximated since the specific heat changes with temperature.

Here are some indicators for the temperature of an open fire in different materials.

1. Magnesium combustion is 2200 degrees.
2. The combustion of alcohol does not exceed a temperature of 900 degrees.
3. Gasoline combustion is 1300-1400 degrees.
4. Kerosene - 800, and in an environment of pure oxygen - 2000 degrees.
5. Propane-butane combustion can reach temperatures from 800 to 1970 degrees.
6. When wood burns, the temperature ranges from 800 to 1000 degrees, and it ignites at 300 degrees.
7. The burning temperature of a match is 750−850 degrees.
8. In a burning cigarette - from 700 to 800 degrees.
9. Most solid materials ignite at a temperature of 300 degrees.

Temperature of gas combustion in a lighter

A flame is a phenomenon that is caused by the glow of a gaseous hot medium.
In some cases, it contains dispersed solids and (or) plasma, in which transformations of reagents of a physical and chemical nature occur. It is they that lead to self-heating, heat release and glow. The gaseous environment of the flame contains charged particles - radicals and ions . This explains the existence of electrical conductivity of the flame and its interaction with electromagnetic fields.

Devices that can suppress a fire, change its shape, or tear it away from flammable materials using electromagnetic radiation are built on this principle.

Types of flame

The glow of fire is divided into two types:

Almost every glow is visible to the human eye, but not every one is capable of emitting the required amount of luminous flux.

The glow of the flame is determined by the following factors.

1. Temperature.
2. The density and pressure of the gases that participate in the reaction.
3. Presence of solid matter.

The most common cause of glowing is the presence of a solid substance in the flame .

Many gases burn with a faintly luminous or non-luminous flame.

Of these, the most common are hydrogen sulfide (blue flame, like combustion), ammonia (pale yellow), methane, carbon monoxide (pale blue flame), and hydrogen.

The vapors of some volatile liquids burn with a barely luminous flame (alcohol and carbon disulfide), and the flame of acetone and ether becomes slightly smoky due to the slight release of carbon.

Flame temperature

For different flammable vapors and gases, the flame temperature is not the same. Also, the temperature of different parts of the flame is not the same, and the area of ​​complete combustion has higher temperatures.

When burned, a certain amount of combustible substance releases a certain amount of heat. If the structure of the substance is known, then the volume and composition of the resulting combustion products can be calculated. And if you know the specific heat of these substances, then you can calculate the maximum temperature that the flame will reach.

It is worth remembering that if a substance burns in air, then for every volume of oxygen that reacts there are four volumes of inert nitrogen. And since nitrogen is present in the flame, it is heated by the heat that is released during the reaction. Based on this, we can conclude that the flame temperature will consist of the temperature of combustion products and nitrogen.

It is impossible to determine the temperature precisely, but it can be approximated since the specific heat changes with temperature.

Here are some indicators for the temperature of an open fire in different materials.

1. Magnesium combustion is 2200 degrees.
2. The combustion of alcohol does not exceed a temperature of 900 degrees.
3. Gasoline combustion is 1300-1400 degrees.
4. Kerosene - 800, and in an environment of pure oxygen - 2000 degrees.
5. Propane-butane combustion can reach temperatures from 800 to 1970 degrees.
6. When wood burns, the temperature ranges from 800 to 1000 degrees, and it ignites at 300 degrees.
7. The burning temperature of a match is 750−850 degrees.
8. In a burning cigarette - from 700 to 800 degrees.
9. Most solid materials ignite at a temperature of 300 degrees.

Candle flame

The flame, which every person can observe when a candle, match or lighter burns, is a stream of hot gases that are pulled vertically upward, thanks to the force of Archimedes.

The candle wick first heats up and the paraffin begins to evaporate. The lowest part is characterized by a slight blue glow - there is little oxygen and a lot of fuel.

It is because of this that the fuel does not burn completely and carbon monoxide is formed, which, when oxidized at the very edge of the flame cone, gives it a blue color.

Due to diffusion, a little more oxygen enters the center. Subsequent oxidation of the fuel occurs there and the temperature increases. But this is not enough for complete combustion of fuel. At the bottom and in the center there are coal particles and unburned droplets. They glow due to intense heat.

But evaporated fuel, as well as combustion products, water and carbon dioxide, practically do not glow. At the very top there is the highest concentration of oxygen. There, the unburnt particles that glowed in the center are burning out.

It is for this reason that this zone practically does not glow, although the temperature there is the highest.

Flame classification

The glow of fire is classified as follows.

1. According to visual perception: colored, transparent, smoky.
2. Height: short and long.
3. By speed of spread: fast and slow.
4. By temperature indicator: high temperature, low temperature, cold.
5. According to the nature of movement of the reaction medium: pulsating, turbulent, laminar.
6. According to the state of the flammable medium: pre-mixed and diffusion.
7. By radiation: colorless, colored, luminous.
8. According to the state of aggregation of flammable substances: flame of aerodispersed and solid reagents, liquid and gaseous.

In a diffuse laminar flame, three shells (zones) are distinguished. Inside the cone of flame there is:

• dark zone, where there is no combustion due to the small amount of oxidizer - 300-350 degrees;
• luminous zone, where thermal decomposition of fuel occurs and it partially burns - 500-800 degrees;
• the zone is slightly luminous, where the products of fuel decomposition finally burn and a maximum temperature of 900-1500 degrees is reached.

Technical parameters of blue fuel

• Flame temperature at different modes
• Dependence of temperature on fuel type
• Determination of flame temperature

Flame temperature at different modes

The gas mixture begins to ignite at 640–700 degrees, depending on the quality and composition of the gas, and the combustion process begins only at 800–900 degrees. This temperature is quite enough for cooking and heating water in a gas water heater. Gas boilers intended for home heating also operate in the same temperature range.

However, the temperature of the flame in different parts of it is not the same. The heterogeneity of the flame can be clearly seen upon closer examination.

The highest temperature is observed in the upper part of the flame, where it reaches a value of 1400 degrees. The maximum combustion temperature of the gas is 2043 degrees. However, such figures can only be obtained with powerful industrial equipment. On a kitchen stove, the flame is limited to a maximum of 1500 degrees.

In addition to the quality of the gas mixture, the temperature of the burner depends on the intensity of the fire, which is regulated by rotary knobs located on the gas stove or regulators on the boiler. Turning the tap at a small angle increases or decreases the fuel supply to the burner, thereby increasing or decreasing the heat transfer of the flame.

In addition, using the regulators you can increase or decrease the distance between the bottom of the pan and the flame, which is extremely important. The significance of this procedure lies in the fact that when the fire comes into contact with the cold surface of the cookware, incomplete combustion of the gas occurs, accompanied by the release of a large amount of harmful impurities.

Therefore, when placing a kettle with cold water on the stove, the burner must be adjusted so that the flame barely reaches the bottom, but in no case wraps around the sides of the kettle.

Dependence of temperature on fuel type

For domestic needs, two types of gas are used: natural and liquefied. Both of them are a transparent, explosive substance without color or odor.

Therefore, to increase safety and the possibility of instant leak detection, ethyl mercaptan is added to the gas - a substance whose tart smell is felt by a person when he opens the gas tap.

In terms of its chemical composition, natural gas consists of 98% methane and 2% impurities, which are represented by sulfur, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

In private homes, dachas and in areas not equipped with a main gas pipeline, liquefied bottled gas is used. For this, two types of mixture are used: propane-butane with a ratio of 65/35 and butane-propane prepared in a ratio of 85/15. The flame temperature of bottled gas is slightly lower than that of natural gas, and never exceeds 1000 degrees.

Due to the temperature difference, each gas has its own gas equipment.

However, many manufacturers of gas stoves running on natural gas equip them with jets and reducers necessary to convert the stove to bottled gas.

If the stove is connected to a cylinder without these important devices, the burner will begin to emit a huge amount of soot and constantly go out.

In this case, you will need to immediately contact the gas service and under no circumstances switch the stove to another type of gas yourself.

Determination of flame temperature

If the stove in the kitchen has a thermometer or a remote sensor with an indicator that displays temperature values ​​on the screen, then determining the temperature does not cause any difficulties.

In addition, many modern units are equipped with a thermostat that maintains a certain temperature in the oven, as well as a thermostat that allows you to turn on the burner to the desired value.

However, most older home stoves are equipped only with an oven thermometer, and the fire temperature of the burners is not determined. This can be extremely inconvenient when preparing complex dishes that require precise adherence to temperature conditions.

To find out the exact combustion temperature of the gas, you can use traditional methods. So, if you turn on the oven tap at full power, the temperature in it will rise to 280 degrees. With an average flame, this value will be around 260 degrees, and with the lowest flame – 160.

In addition to the intensity of the fire, the air temperature in the oven is affected by the ventilation holes located at its rear wall, which provide an influx of oxygen, without which combustion is impossible. In addition, knowing the boiling point of some liquid substances will help determine the heat transfer of the burner.

So, if only 100 degrees is enough to boil water, then for soybean or corn oil you need 150, for sunflower – 200, and for olive – 250 degrees.

The temperature in a gas oven can also be determined using traditional methods. To do this, 10 minutes after turning on the burner, place a small sheet of writing paper next to the dish in which the dish is baked and observe its edges.

At a temperature of 270–300 degrees, the sheet will begin to char after 5 seconds, at 250–270 – after 15 seconds, at 230–250 – after half a minute, and at a temperature from 200 to 230 degrees – after a minute. At a maximum value of 180 degrees, charring will begin after 5 minutes, and at a mode from 160 to 180 – after 10 minutes.

If the oven does not warm up above 150 degrees, charring of the paper does not occur. published econet.ru

Candle flame

The flame, which every person can observe when a candle, match or lighter burns, is a stream of hot gases that are pulled vertically upward, thanks to the force of Archimedes. The candle wick first heats up and the paraffin begins to evaporate. The lowest part is characterized by a slight blue glow - there is little oxygen and a lot of fuel. It is because of this that the fuel does not burn completely and carbon monoxide is formed, which, when oxidized at the very edge of the flame cone, gives it a blue color.

Due to diffusion, a little more oxygen enters the center. Subsequent oxidation of the fuel occurs there and the temperature increases. But this is not enough for complete combustion of fuel. At the bottom and in the center there are coal particles and unburnt droplets. They glow due to intense heat. But evaporated fuel, as well as combustion products, water and carbon dioxide, practically do not glow. At the very top there is the highest concentration of oxygen. There, the unburned particles that glowed in the center are burning out. It is for this reason that this zone practically does not glow, although the temperature there is the highest.

What is the temperature of the fire in the lighter?

A flame is a phenomenon that is caused by the glow of a gaseous hot medium. In some cases, it contains dispersed solids and (or) plasma, in which transformations of reagents of a physical and chemical nature occur. It is they that lead to self-heating, heat release and glow.

The gaseous environment of the flame contains charged particles - radicals and ions . This explains the existence of electrical conductivity of the flame and its interaction with electromagnetic fields.

Devices that can suppress a fire, change its shape, or tear it away from flammable materials using electromagnetic radiation are built on this principle.

Oxidizing flame

It is located in the very top part of the fire, which has the highest temperature. In this zone, flammable substances are almost completely converted into combustion products. There is a lack of fuel and an excess of oxygen . It is for this reason that substances that are placed in this zone are intensively oxidized.

Flame classification

The glow of fire is classified as follows.

1. According to visual perception: colored, transparent, smoky.
2. Height: short and long.
3. By speed of spread: fast and slow.
4. By temperature indicator: high temperature, low temperature, cold.
5. According to the nature of movement of the reaction medium: pulsating, turbulent, laminar.
6. According to the state of the flammable medium: pre-mixed and diffusion.
7. By radiation: colorless, colored, luminous.
8. According to the state of aggregation of flammable substances: flame of aerodispersed and solid reagents, liquid and gaseous.

In a diffuse laminar flame, three shells (zones) are distinguished. Inside the cone of flame there is:

• dark zone, where there is no combustion due to the small amount of oxidizer - 300-350 degrees;
• luminous zone, where thermal decomposition of fuel occurs and it partially burns - 500-800 degrees;
• the zone is slightly luminous, where the products of fuel decomposition finally burn and a maximum temperature of 900-1500 degrees is reached.

The temperature parameter of the flame depends on the intensity of the oxidizer supply and the nature of the combustible substance. The flame spreads through the pre-mixed medium. Propagation occurs along the normal from each point of the front to the flame surface.

In real-life gas-air mixtures, propagation is always complicated by disturbing external influences, which are caused by friction, convective flows, gravity and other factors.

It is because of this that the real speed of propagation always differs from the normal one. Depending on the nature of the propagation speed, the following ranges are distinguished:

• Electric arc (electric pulse) lighters

1. During detonation combustion - more than 1000 meters per second.
2. With explosive - 300−1000.
3. With deflagration - up to 100.

Chemical composition and color of flame

Pocket lighters are small in size, which allows them to be carried without any problems. It is quite rare to find a table lighter. After all, due to their large size, they are not intended to be carried. Their designs are varied . There are fireplace lighters. They have a small thickness and width, but are quite long.

Today, promotional lighters are becoming popular. If there is no electricity in the house, then it is impossible for it to light a gas stove. The gas is ignited by the resulting electric arc. The advantages of these lighters are the following qualities.

1. Durability and simplicity of design.
2. Fast and reliable gas ignition.

The first lighter with modern flint was created in Austria in 1903 after the invention of ferrocerium alloy by Baron Karl Auer von Welsbach.

The development of lighters accelerated during the First World War. The soldiers began to use matches in order to see the road in the dark, but their location was revealed by the intense flash when ignited. The need for fire without significant flash fueled the development of lighters.

At that time, the leaders in the production of flint lighters were Germany and Austria. Such a portable device, which is designed to produce fire, found in the pocket of many smokers, can be fraught with many dangers if handled incorrectly.

The lighter should not spray sparks around itself during operation. The fire should be stable and even. The fire temperature in pocket lighters reaches approximately 800-1000 degrees. The red or orange glow is caused by carbon particles that have become hot. For household burners and turbo lighters, butane gas is mainly used, which burns easily and is odorless and colorless. Butane is obtained by processing oil and its fractions at high temperatures. Butane is a flammable hydrocarbon, but it is absolutely safe in modern lighter designs.

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Such lighters are very useful in everyday life. They can set fire to any flammable material. The set of turbo lighters includes a table stand. The color of the flame depends on the combustible material and combustion temperature. The flame of a fire or fireplace generally has a motley appearance . The burning temperature of wood is lower than the burning temperature of a candle wick. It is because of this that the color of the fire is not yellow, but orange.

Copper, sodium and calcium glow in different colors at high temperatures.

The electric lighter was invented in 1770. In it, a hydrogen jet was ignited by a spark from an electrophore machine. Over time, gasoline lighters gave way to gas lighters, which are more convenient. They must contain a battery - a source of energy.

Not very long ago, touch lighters appeared, in which, without mechanical action, gas is ignited by acting on a touch sensor. Pocket-type touch lighters. Basically, they contain advertising-type information, which is printed using pad or silk-screen printing.

A lighter is a portable device used to create a flame and ignite various flammable materials. It consists of a metal or plastic container filled with a flammable liquid or liquid gas under pressure, an igniter to create a flame, and some means to extinguish the flame. Alternatively, the lighter can be electrically powered, using an electric arc or heating element to ignite the target. Nowadays, most of the lighters in the world are produced in France, USA, China and Thailand. This article will describe pocket lighters, i.e. those lighters that you can carry with you. Pocket lighters are small in size and easy to carry. The design is absolutely any, but the sizes are limited. There are international and national requirements for lighters aimed at safe handling. International standard ISO 9994:2005(E) “Lighters - Safety specification”, which describes the technical requirements for lighters and testing methods. For example, to produce a flame, a minimum of two user actions with a force of at least 15 Newtons is stipulated. Also specified are maximum flame heights, resistance to falling and continuous burning, resistance to ambient temperatures, requirements for warning symbols, etc. Some regional standards, such as the European EN 13869:2002, stipulate restrictions on the design of lighters so that they are not attractive for children of unconscious age. For example, made in the form of objects that are not lighters (animals, cartoon characters, lanterns, cameras, etc.), which can be mistaken by children for toys and lead to injuries, burns and fires in their hands. Most lighters work on the principle of igniting a special flammable fuel poured into the lighter. The burning fuel serves as a source of fire for the lighter user. The fuel most often used is gasoline for so-called gasoline lighters and liquefied hydrocarbon gases for gas lighters. This is why there is a division into two main classes of lighters: gas and gasoline.

Fire temperature of different flame sources

The temperature of the fire makes you see familiar things in a new light - a match flashing white, the blue glow of a gas stove burner in the kitchen, orange-red tongues above a flaming tree. A person does not pay attention to the fire until his fingertips are burned. Or it won't burn the potatoes in the frying pan. Or it won’t burn through the soles of sneakers drying over a fire.

When the first pain, fear and disappointment pass, the time for philosophical reflection comes. About nature, colors, fire temperature.

Burns like a match

Briefly about the structure of a match. It consists of a stick and a head. Sticks are made from wood, cardboard and cotton cord impregnated with paraffin. The wood chosen is soft species - poplar, pine, aspen. The raw material for sticks is called match straw. To avoid smoldering of the straws, the sticks are impregnated with phosphoric acid. Russian factories make straw from aspen.

The head of a match is simple in shape, but complex in its chemical composition. The dark brown head of the match contains seven components: oxidizing agents - Berthollet salt and potassium dichromate; glass dust, red lead, sulfur, bone glue, zinc white.

The head of the match ignites when rubbed, heating up to one and a half thousand degrees. Ignition threshold, in degrees Celsius:

• poplar – 468;
• aspen – 612;
• pine – 624.

The fire temperature of a match is equal to the fire temperature of wood. Therefore, the white flash of the sulfur head is replaced by the yellow-orange tongue of the match.

If you look closely at a burning match, you will see three zones of flame. The bottom one is cool blue. The average is one and a half times warmer. The top is the hot zone.

Fire artist

When you hear the word “bonfire,” nostalgic memories flash no less brightly: the smoke of a fire, creating a trusting atmosphere; red and yellow lights flying towards the ultramarine sky; reeds change from blue to ruby ​​red; crimson cooling coals in which “pioneer” potatoes are baked.

The changing color of a flaming tree indicates fluctuations in the temperature of the fire in the fire. Wood smoldering (darkening) begins at 150°. Fire (smoke) occurs in the range of 250-300°.

With the same supply of oxygen, tree species burn at different temperatures. Accordingly, the degree of fire will also be different.

Birch burns at 800 degrees, alder at 522°, and ash and beech at 1040°.

But the color of the fire is also determined by the chemical composition of the burning substance. The yellow and orange color of the fire comes from sodium salts. The chemical composition of cellulose contains both sodium and potassium salts, which give burning wood coals their red hue. Romantic blue lights in a wood fire arise due to a lack of oxygen, when instead of CO2, CO is formed - carbon monoxide.

Science enthusiasts measure the temperature of the fire in a fire with a device called a pyrometer. Three types of pyrometers are made: optical, radiation, spectral. These are non-contact devices that allow you to evaluate the power of thermal radiation.

Studying fire in our own kitchen

Kitchen gas stoves operate on two types of fuel:

1. Trunk natural gas methane.
2. Propane-butane liquefied mixture from cylinders and gas holders.

The chemical composition of the fuel determines the fire temperature of a gas stove. Methane, when burned, forms a fire with a power of 900 degrees at the top point.

Combustion of the liquefied mixture produces heat up to 1950°.

An attentive observer will note the uneven coloring of the burner reeds of a gas stove. Inside the fire torch there is a division into three zones:

• Dark area located near the burner: there is no combustion here due to lack of oxygen, and the temperature of the zone is 350°.
• A bright area lying in the center of the torch: the burning gas heats up to 700°, but the fuel does not burn completely due to a lack of oxidizer.
• Translucent upper section: reaches a temperature of 900°, and gas combustion is complete.

The figures for the temperature zones of the fire torch are given for methane.

Gas lighter

Gasoline evaporates relatively slowly and therefore does not require a sealed container. The container body of a gasoline lighter is most often made of metal, often with a designer design... sometimes reaching collectible models with precious stones, gold, etc. Gasoline lighters burn gasoline vapors. The flame temperature can reach 1300–1400 °C. To supply gasoline, a replaceable cotton wick and fiber filler are used to absorb gasoline and prevent its leakage.

Several principles are used for the initial ignition of gasoline:

• principle of flint: sparking from shavings of pyrophoric alloys (ferrocerium), formed from friction with flint
• catalytic ignition of organic vapors. The latter method is used in a catalytic heating pad

The flame continues to burn until the top of the housing is closed. The lighter nozzle protection is made of metal with holes. The protection is designed to mix fuel and air, while at the same time making the lighter less sensitive to wind. Durability and high reliability are the main advantages of gasoline lighters. Another advantage may be that you can light the lighter with one hand. They perform various tricks with such lighters, which is also a plus for some. There are also disadvantages

• price. Both for the lighter itself and for consumables for it (special gasoline, wick, flints, replacement cotton wool).
• the smell of gasoline, which will certainly accompany every lighting (with high-quality gasoline, not so strong) ... And your hands and pockets will also smell.
• quite frequent refueling. A full refill of a gasoline lighter lasts only 3-5 days, depending on the intensity of use.
• Weight. Despite the fact that many people believe that “weight equals reliability,” it is not very convenient to keep a heavy metal brick in the pocket of, for example, light summer shorts
• Danger of use. Unlike a gas lighter, a gasoline lighter does not go out on its own, for example when dropped, and continues to burn. It is also impossible to adjust the burning intensity in “field” conditions (only possible by cutting and pulling the filter), and this small fire tends to burn your face when lighting a cigarette in the wind.
• Weak loop. Constantly opening/closing the lighter lid leads to the loop becoming loose and the lid no longer fitting tightly to the body, as a result of which gasoline evaporates faster.

A Lighter is... What is a Lighter?

Modern cheap gas lighter
Lighter

- a portable device for producing fire. Depending on the fuel used, the lighter can be gas or gasoline. In addition, lighters use various types of ignition - flint, piezoelectric, etc.

Gasoline lighters appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and at first were not very reliable. Zippo gasoline lighters were introduced in 1932 and have a cult status due to their reliability and remarkable history.

An Austrian lighter from the 1920s, which served as the prototype for the creation of Zippo lighters.

Gas lighters were invented later than gasoline lighters and were happily welcomed by smokers, since they did not give off the pungent gasoline smell and could even be used to light cigars.

Ignition device

Gas lighter with pyrophoric “flint” (cerium alloy - mischmetal).
The principle of operation is based on the spontaneous combustion of pyrophoric alloys (ferrocerium) during abrasion; ignition by a wire heated by electric current, touching with a hot object; piezoelectric discharge; catalytic ignition of organic vapors.

Fuel

Gas lighters use liquefied propane or liquefied butane as fuel, which, after passing through the reducer, evaporates, forming a highly flammable mixture of gas and air.

Gasoline lighters burn gasoline vapors.

Combustion temperature

Depending on the type of fuel, the lighter flame can reach the following temperatures:

1. propane-butane - from 800 to 1970 °C;
2. gasoline - 1300-1400 °C;

Gearbox

Gas lighters have a plastic rod that is porous inside. There is a gradual decrease in gas pressure in it (see also gas reducer

).

Design

The design of a lighter directly depends on its purpose. Pocket lighters are small in size and easy to carry. The design is absolutely any, but the sizes are limited. Table lighters are quite rare. Such lighters are quite massive and are not designed to be carried. The design of such lighters can be any. There are also special fireplace lighters; while they are long, they have a small width and thickness, and even lighters from well-known brands. Not so long ago, touch lighters appeared, in which gas ignition occurs without mechanical influence, but by acting on a touch sensor. Recently, so-called branded or advertising lighters have become increasingly popular. They are an ordinary pocket lighter, on which the necessary information is applied. The information is usually of an advertising nature. Widely used by large chain stores and HoReCa establishments. Lighters with information are also used for promotions. Information is usually applied to inexpensive plastic lighters using silk-screen or pad printing.

Kitchen lighter

Many stove lighters have an extended spout (so you can light the oven with it) and come in several types.

Ignition type

Gas

A regular lighter with a gas container, an elongated spout and piezoelectric ignition. The lighter is also suitable for lighting fires and fireplaces. Gas lighters are regular and turbo. [ source not specified 753 days

]

Electrical

They were common in Soviet times; such a lighter is plugged into an outlet. The lighter is tied not only to the house but also to electricity. If there is no electricity in the house, it is impossible to light a gas stove with such a lighter. Has the most powerful spark effect while the button is pressed. The principle of operation is based on the cyclic closing and opening of the electrical circuit by a spark-forming rod under the influence of an electromagnetic field. The iron-containing rod closes the circuit, turns on the electromagnet, which retracts the rod and thereby opens the circuit, the rod returns to its original position under the action of a spring and the process repeats. The resulting electric arc ignites the gas. The advantages of such lighters: reliable and fast ignition of gas, simplicity and durability of the design. Disadvantages: dependence on an external power supply circuit, high level of radio interference, risk of electrical injury.

Battery operated

Designed to operate on one or more batteries. It is a pulse converter with a step-up transformer. Gives off a lot of weak sparks while the button is pressed.

Piezo

Does not require energy sources or other consumables. It has a piezoelectric in its design. Gives off several powerful sparks as the button moves in one direction and the other.

Ban on souvenir lighters

The EU and a number of US states have adopted or are preparing to adopt legislation prohibiting the circulation of souvenir lighters made in the form of objects that are not lighters (animals, cartoon characters, lanterns, cameras, etc.), which may be mistaken by children for toys, and lead to injuries, burns and fires in their hands [1][2][3][4].

Story

The first lighter, the Döbereiner flint, was invented by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1823. It was produced until 1880.

The first flint lighter was created after the invention of ferrocerium alloy by Baron Karl von Auerbach in 1906 in Austria. It is this alloy that is the basis for the manufacture of “flints” for lighters. Then the flint lighter acquired a design that has survived virtually unchanged to this day: a specially jagged wheel strikes a spark from the “flint,” and the spark ignites a wick soaked in gasoline or gas coming out of the valve.

The development of lighters was accelerated during the First World War. Soldiers used matches to see the way in the dark, but the intense flash when lit gave away their location. The need for fire without a big flash fueled the lighter industry. By the end of the war, lighters were a mass-produced product. The leader in the production of flint lighters at that time was the homeland of ferrocerium, Austria, as well as Germany. A little later, lighters began to be mass produced around the world.

During World War II, Zippo lighters, manufactured in the United States and distributed among American military personnel, became the standard for reliability and functionality among liquid lighters.

see also

Links

Notes

dic.academic.ru

Electric lighter

We should also highlight lighters that work without fuel. It creates the required temperature by passing current through a wire or a long-term electrical discharge. Initially, such lighters were stationary, operating from an electrical outlet. And there could be no talk of a pocket version. But in the 21st century, battery-powered pocket lighters began to appear. Electric lighters come in two types

• A pulse-arc lighter is a plasma lighter that operates on the conventional principle of an electronic arc. It will not go out in the wind, will never ask for fuel, and can be used like an ordinary lighter.
• There is also an option with a filament - this is an option that is familiar to all motorists who use a cigarette lighter. Setting fire to everything except cigarettes will be quite problematic.

In arc lighters, miniature electronic circuitry generates a high voltage sufficient to pierce the air between the electrodes with enough power to maintain a miniature electric arc. It is a pulse converter with a step-up electromagnetic or piezoelectric transformer.

In wire lighters, a piece of nichrome wire is heated to red heat by current from a battery, similar to a car cigarette lighter. The temperature of the heating element and the design features of such lighters make it difficult to ignite vapors of flammable gases and flammable structural materials such as paint, wood or plastic. That's why they got the name flameless lighters.

and are common in places where the use of open fire is limited.

Separately, it is worth highlighting touch-sensitive electric lighters

. They differ in a special way of ignition - you just need to swipe or touch the sensor with your finger.

Lighter maintenance

Refilling a gas lighter

Many gas lighters are disposable. But there are also refillable ones. Gas canisters are used for this. It may require an adapter. Gas cartridges come in different sizes, and the gas in them has different compositions. Some cheaper types quickly run out both in the can itself and in the lighter.

Before refilling with gas, be sure to empty the lighter of any air remaining in it. Of course, the gas itself must also be fully utilized. The gas supply regulator is set to “maximum”. The combustion level valve of most lighters is located near the base and it will not be difficult to find. In order to release the air, you simply need to take a needle, thin pin or any other similar sharp instrument and move the valve. After this, all excess will come out of the lighter. Then, to fully guarantee the result, you need to click the lighter. Of course, you won’t see any fire, but if air or butane residues are still in the housing, they will come out completely. If the lighter has a lid under which there is a socket for refilling, then it must be opened. The gas canister must be kept at room temperature. Usually, the canister comes with adapters, from which you need to select a more suitable size so that it fits tightly into the valve hole and does not allow gas to leak out. Place this adapter on the gas canister. After this, the gas canister is turned over and held tightly in your hand and shaken well. Next, insert the tip of the gas container into the valve located at the bottom of the lighter and press firmly. During refueling, a characteristic hissing sound will be heard. You need to hold the can in this way for 5-10 seconds. He is then abruptly pulled away from the lighter. Some cans are equipped with special dispensers. In this case, you will have to refuel in several stages. Filling the housing with gas is always accompanied by a slight decrease in temperature. Therefore, before you start using the lighter, you should wait a little until it warms up. It won't take much time - no more than five minutes.

Refilling a gasoline lighter

Gasoline lighters are all refillable. In this case, gasoline evaporates even when the lighter is not used. Therefore, it is recommended to refill the lighter before each long trip, as well as from time to time as needed. Usually special gasoline is sold for such lighters. But you can use regular automobile alcohol, alcohol, kerosene, etc. flammable liquids. But be aware that such substitutes cause digging and have a strong smell. Also, the wick will burn out quickly (maybe literally in a few days). I don’t recommend cologne - it will smell and you won’t get rid of the smell.

Please note that some lighters do not work with this replacement.
First of all, you need to use up all the gasoline that is already in the lighter. Remove the insert from the lighter body, lift the felt pad on the bottom of the insert. You can carry out all work with rubber gloves, especially if you are filling the lighter with gasoline for the first time.
This way you can protect your hands from accidentally spilling gasoline. Carry out all manipulations over the sink - this way you can prevent possible spilling of gasoline on a wooden table or other flammable surface. Now slowly saturate the insert material with gasoline until the top layer of cotton filler becomes wet. To control the amount of flammable liquid poured in, it is better to use a special measuring watering can. This will allow you to carefully pour gasoline without allowing it to overflow the edges of the tank. Pour the liquid little by little in small portions, allowing it to be thoroughly absorbed into the cotton wool. Insert the fuel chamber back into the lighter body. Make sure not a drop of gasoline has been spilled. Thoroughly dry the lighter body and hands before use. It's flammable! It is better to leave the lighter for a few minutes so that the gasoline is well saturated. If a gasoline lighter does not light, you can turn it upside down to allow the wick to soak thoroughly.

Replacing silicon in a gasoline lighter

Remove the insert from the housing. Unscrew the screw at the bottom end that holds the spring. Then carefully remove the spring from the tube. Get rid of old flint particles. Check the tube carefully for any remaining spent flint. Install the new flint into the tube, then install the spring in place. Tighten the screw so that the lighter closes freely after setting the bet.

Replacing the wick in a gasoline lighter

If the wick has a disheveled and unkempt appearance, then it is worth tidying it up. To do this, you need to take regular nail scissors and tweezers. Using tweezers, pull the wick beyond the windbreak and cut off the frayed piece using scissors. After this procedure, the lighter should burn as expected. However, over time, you will still have to replace the wick with a new one. To do this, remove the insert from the casing. Unscrew the screw at the bottom end that holds the spring. Then carefully remove the spring from the tube. Get rid of old flint particles. Remove the layer from the felt. Using tweezers, you need to pull out the entire layer of cotton wool. Install the wick by pulling it from the bottom through the eyelet. Check that the wick does not protrude beyond the wind protection. Place the cotton filler back, while placing the wick between the layers of filler as shown in the picture below. Install the felt layer. Place the new flint in the tube and install the spring. Tighten the screw so that the lighter closes freely after setting the bet. Do not apply any serious force when screwing in the screw!

Lighter Wikipedia

Gasoline lighter of the Zippo brand, model 2005.
Lighter

- a device for producing fire. Depending on the design and fuel used, the lighter can be gas, gasoline or electric.

Story

Ronson brand gasoline lighter Modern disposable gas lighter
The first gas lighter, the Döbereiner flint, was invented by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1823. In it, chemically produced hydrogen was catalytically ignited on platinum. Despite the explosiveness of hydrogen and the use of caustic acid, it was produced until 1880.

There were also mechanical flints made on the basis of weapon flintlocks. Based on these ideas, Cartier received a patent for a lighter in 1867.[1] However, the significant size of the classic flint based on flint and iron did not allow making a small-sized lighter. The situation changed dramatically in 1903, with the discovery of ferrocerium by Baron Karl Auer von Welsbach. This alloy, replacing iron in steel, made it possible to replace the inconvenient mineral flint with ordinary steel. And today misch metals are the basis for the manufacture of cutting stones for lighters. Then the flint lighter acquired a design that has survived practically unchanged to this day: a jagged steel wheel strikes a spark from a ferrocerium chair, and the spark ignites a wick soaked in gasoline or gas escaping from the valve.

Austrian lighter from the 1920s

The development of lighters was accelerated during the First World War. Soldiers used matches to see the way in the dark, but the intense flash when lit gave away their location. The need for fire without a big flash fueled the development of the lighter industry. By the end of the war, lighters were a mass-produced product. The leader in the production of such lighters at that time was the homeland of ferrocerium, Austria, as well as Germany. A little later, lighters began to be mass produced around the world.

In 1947, STDuPont presented the world's first gas lighter of a modern design at an international exhibition in Paris. In the 1970s, modern disposable gas lighters "Cricket" and Bic appeared. In the 1980s, they began to produce lighters with high vapor pressure at the outlet of the gearbox, i.e. turbo lighters. They produced a sharp, directed flame that was difficult to extinguish by the wind.

Design

Fuel lighters

Gas flint lighter with flint ignition.
On the left is a flint wheel made of hardened steel, on the right is a piece of mischmetal. Gas piezo lighter. A unit with a piezoelectric element is visible that produces high voltage when compressed. Most lighters work on the principle of igniting a special flammable fuel poured into the lighter. The burning fuel serves as a source of fire for the lighter user.

Fuel

Easily evaporating liquid hydrocarbons are most often used as fuel, most often gasoline for so-called gasoline lighters and liquefied hydrocarbon gases for gas lighters. The fundamental difference between them is that the fuel of gas lighters evaporates very quickly and is therefore contained in sealed containers under low pressure formed by evaporating gas vapor. Gasoline evaporates relatively slowly and therefore does not require a sealed container.

Gas lighters use a liquefied mixture of propane and butane as fuel, which, after passing through the reducer, evaporates, forming a flammable mixture of gas and air.

Gasoline lighters burn gasoline vapors.

Depending on the type of fuel, the temperature of the lighter flame can reach the following values:

Fuel supply

In gas lighters, a gas reducer, usually made in the form of a porous plastic rod, is used to dose gas from the container to the combustion zone. There is a gradual decrease in gas pressure. There are lighters with low gas vapor pressure at the outlet of the reducer and so-called turbo lighters with high vapor pressure. Turbo lighters produce a dense, directed flow of gas, which is much more difficult to knock out with the wind.

Gasoline lighters use a replaceable cotton wick.