Drilling and threading tools for metal

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Classification of cutting tools

Metal-cutting equipment, which today is used in a variety of industries, as well as in everyday life, allows the use of various types of cutting tools.
The list of these types is very extensive, thanks to which it is possible to select a metal-cutting tool that best suits the characteristics of the operations being performed. The classification criteria for the described instrument are very numerous; this article is devoted to their consideration. One of the main classification criteria is the design feature of the cutting tool . It distinguishes the following types:

• Cutters: a single-edge type tool that allows metalworking with the possibility of multidirectional feed movement;
• Milling cutters: a tool in which processing is performed with a rotational movement with a trajectory having a constant radius and a feed movement that does not coincide in direction with the axis of rotation;
• Drills: Axial-type cutting tools that are used to create holes in a material or increase the diameter of existing holes. Machining with drills is carried out by a rotational movement, supplemented by a feed movement, the direction of which coincides with the axis of rotation;
• Countersinks: an axial type tool, with the help of which the size and shape of existing holes are adjusted, and their diameter is also increased;
• Reamers: an axial tool that is used for finishing the walls of holes (reducing their roughness);
• Counterbodies: metal-cutting tools, also classified as axial and used for processing the end or cylindrical sections of holes;
• Dies: used for cutting external threads on workpieces;
• Taps: also used for cutting threads - but, unlike dies, not on cylindrical workpieces, but inside holes;
• Hacksaw blades: a multi-blade type tool in the shape of a metal strip with many teeth, the height of which is the same. Hacksaw blades are used to cut off part of a workpiece or create grooves in it, while the main cutting movement is translational;
• Shapers: used for gear turning or gear shaping of shaft splines, gears, and other parts;
• Shavers: an instrument whose name comes from the English word “shaver” (translated as “razor”). It is intended for finishing of gears, which is performed using the “scraping” method;
• Abrasive tool: bars, circles, crystals, large grains or powder of abrasive material. The tools included in this group are used for finishing of various parts.

The next classification criterion is the type of surface , the processing of which is carried out using a metal-cutting tool. The following tools are distinguished:

• Used for processing bodies of rotation, external shaped, as well as flat surfaces: this group includes the cutters and cutters described above, abrasive wheels and some other products;
• Used for processing holes: we are talking about countersinks and drills, boring cutters and broaches;
• Tools used to cut threads: this group includes dies, taps, knurling rollers, and a number of other products;
• Used for processing the surfaces of sprockets, splined shafts, wheel teeth: these operations are performed using finger and disk cutters, rolling cutters and cutters, grinding wheels and shaver. It is impossible not to mention broaches, double cutter heads and gear-planing cutters (they are designed for cutting bevel-type spur wheels), as well as worm-type conical cutters and gear-planing heads (with the help of these tools, conical-type wheels with spiral teeth are cut).

Another criterion for classifying a metal-cutting tool is the principle of its interaction with the material . It identifies tools such as:

• Regular;
• Rotary, the circular blade of which is continuously renewed.

In addition, experts point to such a classification criterion as type of manufacture , highlighting:

• Solid cutting tool;
• A composite tool, the design of which is an integral connection of several elements;
• A prefabricated tool characterized by the detachable nature of the connection of the elements that form it.

According to the method of connection to the machine, attachment, tail and prismatic tools are distinguished.

Finally, according to such a criterion as the method of application manual, machine, and machine-hand metal-cutting tools are distinguished.

What is the purpose of a metalworking tool?

Grinding tools for metalworking are abrasive grains bound with special binding materials. The shape of the grains is distinguished by the presence of sharp edges of different sizes, which, when touching the metal, are capable of removing layers of a certain thickness from it.

Grinding tools include: bars, sandpaper, fabrics with special coatings, wheels.

Cutters, cutters, drills, taps, and broaches can be used for cutting. They are selected in such a way that their hardness is higher than that of the materials being processed.

Cutting metal 4–7 mm thick is performed with metal scissors or a jigsaw, or a hacksaw. It is convenient to cut a layer from 5 mm with a grinder.

Handles, hammers, sledgehammers, and shaped hammers can be used in metalworking or blacksmithing work. Handbrake handles are used to determine the force of impact and indicate the exact location for processing. Sledgehammers are used for cold deformation of workpieces.

Artistic processing of metals can be done with a shaped hammer. It allows you to knock out relief surfaces due to the presence of a curved or wide flat and rounded striker.

The following equipment is used for minting:

• ratchets, hooks for basting relief blanks;
• boboshniks, kanfarniks, loschatniks to create the necessary relief;
• cuts for chasing lines, semicircular or curved lines;
• figured coins (tube, boot, iron, kanfarnik, purushnik, loshchatnik), used to create a series of identical small detailed patterns.

Classification of cutting tools

There are quite a large number of different classification features for cutting tools; the main ones can be called design features. Depending on the geometric shape and basic parameters, the following options are distinguished:

1. cutters;
2. incisors;
3. countersinks;
4. drill;
5. sweeps;
6. countersinks;
7. taps;
8. dies;
9. shaver;
10. hacksaw blade;
11. abrasive type tool.

All of the above types of cutting tools are characterized by their own specific features. An example is a hand-held cutting tool called a die. By using a special fastening it is possible to obtain a threaded surface on a cylindrical surface.

Incisors have become quite widespread. They are classified as cutting tools that are designed to process exclusively rotating bodies.

Among the features of this version, we note the following:

1. There is a working part and a holder.
2. The sharpening angle may vary significantly depending on the purpose of the product.
3. A variety of alloys are used in manufacturing, which determine the scope of application of the product.

Milling cutters have been seen quite often lately. This is due to the fact that such a cutting tool can be used to produce cabinet products. A special feature is that the main rotation is transmitted to the cutter, while the workpiece is stationary at this time. Structurally, cutters are much more complex than cutters, which determines their higher cost.

General classification

The classification of metal-cutting machines is carried out according to various factors. These are divisions by weight, dimensions, type, accuracy class, degree of automation, and versatility. We need to talk about each of their groups in more detail.

Classification by type

There are 9 types of installations based on the type of equipment:

1. Lathes. They occupy approximately 30% of the total mass of metal-cutting devices. The workpiece is clamped in a special clamp. The cutting process begins after installing the cutters, which remove a layer of metal under the influence of rotation.
2. Boring, drilling units. They occupy 20% of the total mass of machines. The parts are fixed on the work table. Cutting occurs due to the rotation of the spindle with a drill clamped in the chuck.
3. Grinding, grinding, polishing machines. They occupy 20% of the total mass of metal cutting installations. Metal cutting occurs due to the rotation of the abrasive material, which comes into contact with the working surface. The processing speed depends on the size of the abrasive.
4. Devices for physical and chemical cutting of workpieces. Least common equipment.
5. Devices for processing threads and teeth. Occupies 6% of the mass. Used for threading, manufacturing, and sharpening gears.
6. Slotting, broaching, planing machines. They occupy 4% of the mass of metal-cutting equipment.
7. Milling machines. They occupy 15% of the total mass. Processing of metal workpieces occurs due to the rotation of cutters of different shapes.
8. Split installations. Used to separate reinforcement, profiles, corners.
9. Machines for performing various operations related to cutting.

Classification by versatility

A separate division of metal-cutting machines is based on their versatility. There are two groups:

1. Narrow profile installations. Used to perform one specific technological operation.
2. Universal units. They are large-sized structures that are designed to perform various technological operations.

Classification by degree of accuracy

In terms of accuracy, metal-cutting machines come in several types, each of which has its own marking:

1. Increased - denoted by the letter P.
2. Normal - designation N.
3. High - indicated by the letter B.
4. Particularly high - designation A.
5. The highest accuracy is indicated by the letter C.

To use units marked B, A, C, you need to prepare the room in advance. It must maintain a constant temperature and humidity level.

Classification by degree of automation

Based on the degree of automation, the following types of metal-cutting machines are distinguished:

1. Manual models. The worker needs to clean, prepare workpieces, set up all moving elements independently, and coordinate the work process.
2. Semi-automatic machines. The worker needs to change parts independently, turn on and off moving mechanisms.
3. Automatic machines are units that process workpieces independently. Used in mass production.
4. CNC equipment. The operator sets the required algorithm through the program. The moving mechanisms work independently, select optimal modes, load and unload parts.

CNC machines are gradually replacing other machines due to high processing accuracy and increased productivity.

Metal cutting automatic machine

Classification by weight

Industrial metal-cutting machines are divided by weight. Highlight:

1. Lightweight - structures weigh up to 1000 kg.
2. Medium - weight starts from 1 ton and ends at 10 tons.
3. Large - weight from 16 to 30 tons.
4. Heavy - weight from 30 to 100 tons.
5. Super heavy - structures weigh more than 100 tons.

Designations are indicated in the technical data sheet.

Rules for using metal cutting tools and useful tips

1. Use metal cutting tools only for the work for which the devices are intended. Improper use may result in damage and breakage.
2. Choose the most suitable cutting conditions. Do not exceed the limit parameters.
3. Feed tools smoothly. Avoid jerking and sudden movements.
4. Do not forget about the need to cool the instrument. Use the most suitable coolant for each application.
5. Store tools in dry and heated areas. Individual tubes/containers are best suited for this. They reliably protect devices from mechanical damage and corrosion.
6. Clean and degrease tools after each use. This is necessary for protection against corrosion.
7. Follow safety regulations. Wear gloves. Wear a mask or safety glasses. To reduce noise levels, use earplugs or headphones.

Areas of use

The scope of application of cutting tools is very extensive. Most of the products are found in mechanical engineering, since the workpieces are represented by various alloys. Considering the scope of application, we note the following points:

1. Most products can cut metal only if a large force is transferred when the workpiece is rigidly secured. That is why they are manufactured in such a way that they can be installed in machines and other similar equipment. Scope of application: industry with varying levels of labor productivity. A distinctive feature of this group is its long service life and wear resistance.
2. Processing of workpieces can also be carried out in a home workshop. For such a case, design options that are used for manual processing or the use of desktop equipment are suitable. Experts recommend choosing low-price options for your home workshop. This is due to the fact that they are excellent for machining at low feed rates and cutting speeds. Cutting tools for industrial machines are much more expensive and require professional periodic sharpening.

In general, we can say that the scope of application of cutting tools is very extensive. Mechanical cutting can only be carried out if there is a cutting edge.

Selecting a cutting tool

Only a properly selected tool can be used to obtain a quality product. With such a large selection to choose from, it is difficult to choose the most suitable product design. Metal cutting tools are selected taking into account the following recommendations:

1. To begin with, the task at hand is determined. As a rule, the production technology is drawn up by the technologist, who also indicates the most suitable cutting tool. For example, you can obtain a body of revolution with the required diameter by using a cutter or drill hole. In this case, one part can be manufactured using one type of product with different parameters.
2. The next step is to determine what kind of equipment will be used to transmit rotation. Examples include industrial machines or manual structures. From this point depends which holder is suitable.
3. At the time of drawing up the technological map, the main cutting parameters are indicated. Taking into account this indicator, a cutting tool is selected according to the type of material used in the manufacture of the main or working part.
4. The performance of the equipment used is also taken into account. To produce a large number of products, you need to choose a version with increased wear resistance.

Metal cutting tools - choose the best!

The concept of metal-cutting tools includes all the basic devices and tools for working with metal, which are used both in everyday life and in production. This tool performs many technological operations: drilling, turning, threading, milling and other types of roughing and finishing of products made from a variety of materials.

When choosing the necessary tool (be it a complete set of thread cutting tools or just a tap, drill, die, etc.), special attention should be paid to the material from which the cutting part is made. It is this that affects the reliability and wear resistance of the tool.