How to make wax yourself at home?

Commercial production of honey also involves the production of other beekeeping products: propolis, wax, beebread, etc. Some beekeepers prefer to sell them and receive additional income. Others, if possible, try to use the obtained bee products in their farms. We are talking about wax and foundation made from it, which is constantly needed in any apiary.

Features of making foundation

To obtain beekeeping products, it is important to create a high-quality base for them - foundation.
It is not difficult to obtain, provided you have the equipment. Today, there are both vintage wax rental machines and new electrical equipment on sale. Special press machines are also used.

The natural product is wax pressed into a sheet, having a thin thickness and a cellular surface. Bees need cells for more efficient construction of honeycombs, as well as for producing strong and healthy offspring. Their depth and size should be as similar as possible to natural honeycomb cells.

Plastic foundation is also used. This is an artificial product that does not change properties for up to 10 years. It is also suitable for home honey production and bee colony raising, but has its disadvantages. The use of artificial engraved plates leads to an increased risk of infection of apiary inhabitants with ascospherosis and other infectious diseases. It is better to resort to making foundation on rollers, made on the basis of beeswax.

Rules for choosing foundation

When purchasing plates, it is recommended to consider the following parameters:

• material – natural wax, mixture with paraffin or polypropylene;
• appearance – cleanliness, transparency, intact structure;
• sheet sizes and weight - according to the standard, 2 varieties are produced: 400x260 mm, 70-80 g or 400x207 mm, 56-60 g;
• quantity, accuracy, cell sizes - hexagon type, concentration - at least 10 pieces per 5.5 cm, sizes vary.

The number and size of honeycombs made depends on the species characteristics of the bees, geographical location, and other reasons. For example, for Asian insects the cavities are smaller, but their number is greater than for European bees.

How to make a mini lathe yourself?

Any production must begin with the development of the project.

1. At the design stage, specifications are developed. Specifications are a list of parts included in an assembly.
2. There can be quite a lot of nodes in an installation. Some details may be repeated. But there may also be the presence of many very diverse blanks. The designer should strive to unify the parts used as much as possible, only then will the product be competitive in cost.
3. After the first design stage, the selection of components begins. It will allow you to determine the actual design, where there will be a minimum number of original parts. Then it is easier to produce a working sample.
4. When picking, parts are identified that are impossible to do without. They will have to be made. Everything else is cheaper to buy.

Lathe projections:

Most attention is paid to the headstock. The engine is located here, and a cartridge is installed at the same time. For wooden products, three-jaw fasteners are rarely used. Drive chucks are more often used; they require initial centering of the workpiece, and then installation of a driver, which will rotate the workpiece.

Lathe headstock option:

Some craftsmen make a drive from a drill. They have enough power (among modern power tools you can choose a drill up to 2…3 kW). They have a mechanism for smoothly changing the rotation speed. There is also a reverse.

Novice craftsmen are often interested in how much a small machine made by themselves costs. Sometimes a product will cost almost nothing, since components can be found for free. All that remains is to correctly assemble the machine and start using it effectively.

Why do you need wax?

Sheets of foundation are attached to the frames and installed in the hive. And smart insects use them as an artificial basis for the accelerated construction of their own cells from wax produced by the bee itself.

By the way, one bee can build several thousand honeycomb cells in a day.

It turns out you need wax for bees. And for humans too. In this way, beekeepers stimulate faster development of the bee colony and its productivity.

Artificial wax plates save energy and time for bees to build honeycombs and increase their productivity. They can use the freed up resources for other work: fly around more honey plants, collect more pollen to get more honey. And the beekeeper is also interested in this. More honey means more income.

The use of foundation is, to a certain extent, a prevention of swarming and a guarantee that the bees will be healthy. This is an opportunity to strengthen the bee family and expand the nest faster and more significantly. A chance to make a good supply of honey, bee bread and the necessary supply of honeycombs for raising offspring.

Of course, you don’t have to use such blanks and not insert a sheet of foundation into the frame. But then the bees will have to, as they do in the wild, spend a lot of time and effort to build the honeycombs themselves.

How to make wax with your own hands

Making honeycomb frames yourself is rare. However, starting a line at home for the production of foundation is quite simple.

Necessary equipment

You don't have to buy expensive equipment to create wax plates. It is possible to purchase hand rollers and a press. Rules for choosing devices:

• materials meet quality and safety requirements;
• rollers and working area made of aluminum coated with thin layers of nickel and tin;
• acquisition of ready-made production forms;
• additional purchase of a cooling system to preserve the cellular structure;
• The principle of operation of the assembled machine is a waffle iron, that is, compression of melted wax between two plates with matrices.

With the correct selection of equipment, the technological process will minimize the time required to produce each wax sheet.

Preparation

Preparation of containers used for hot water, melted wax and the finished specimen. The stencil is created from available materials: wood, rubber. Silicone templates are most often purchased. Equipment parts must be treated with drying oil.

Production begins with calculating the amount of wax required to produce a set number of plates. Calculations are performed individually.

Manufacturing

Step-by-step implementation of technological processes for producing plates at home:

1. Melt the wax, clean the liquid mass from visible impurities and contaminants.
2. Determine humidity. If it is above 2%, then evaporate the water by putting it on low heat.
3. Melt over steam using two containers. Pull out the finished sheet and throw it over the edge of the bath.
4. Pass the sheet between the rollers. They are pre-cooled to prevent the wax from sticking.
5. Dry the finished foundation plates in natural conditions.

The disadvantage of independent production is that it wastes the beekeeper’s time, which distracts him from pressing matters in the apiary. However, when automating your own mini-shop, the wax processing time is noticeably reduced.

Homemade wax production is becoming increasingly widespread among beekeepers, so here we will try to describe the entire process, so to speak, from A to Z, from wax melting to placing foundation in bee colonies. All bees are very sensitive to any foreign object in the hive, so why not give them pleasure and brighten up their short life by making foundation from the highest quality beeswax.

First of all, everyone melts the wax in their own “classical” way, i.e. who knows how and who can. You can use boiling in water and mechanically releasing the wax from the “shirts”. The boiler is a double-walled, stainless steel container with a mesh basket inside and equipped with a device for pressing out. These are just two possible ways to obtain wax.

The first method is to boil old sushi in water in a saucepan or pot, and this mass is poured into a preheated wax melter. In the middle, in the basket, there is another bag. Under the wax furnace there is a heat source (gas burner or wood stove). Water boils in the space between the walls, and the resulting steam is directed inside the wax furnace. During pressing, the wax flows through the lower outlet along with water and steam into the prepared container, where it gradually cools. The efficiency of such a wax refiner is close to 90%, so that no more than 10% of wax remains in the combustion chambers.

The second method is to obtain wax by separation. The boiled mass is poured into a separator, the drum of which has a large number of small holes for the release of wax. Inside, again, there is a bag. Once filled, the bag is tied, the separator is closed and the centrifuge is turned on. Wax with hot water flows into the placed container through the outlet. The separator is equipped with an electric heater so that the wax in it does not cool down. The efficiency of such a separator for separating wax is about 80%.

It is recommended to have a solar wax grinder in the apiary. In this case, the financial costs are the lowest of all other known types of wax melters. The sun does all the work, and the result is pure wax of a light yellow color without any “shirts”.

A steam wax furnace combined with a wax press to produce wax is a highly productive device, since as a result, only a paper-thin layer of compressed cocoon “shirts” remains in the combustion chambers. At first glance you can see that there is almost no wax left in it. According to experience, the efficiency of such a wax refiner is almost 90%.

The honeycomb is placed in the wax furnace, water is poured into the compartment to produce steam, the lid is closed, and all you can do is watch how the beautiful yellowish wax flows out into the container placed for this.

Simple calculations show that when using electricity with a heating element power of 2 kW at an average price for electricity of 5.5 Kč per 1 kWh (about 85 rubles), 2 kWh are consumed per bookmark, which in monetary terms will be 11 Kč. And during this time we will receive 2-3 kg of wax, which, given the current purchase price for wax of 80 Kč (1250 rubles) per 1 kg, will give us at least 160 Kč (2500 rubles), and if we use other types of energy (gas, firewood), then the winnings will be even greater.

And the figures given are enough to understand all the economic benefits of obtaining wax. But here we are talking about obtaining wax for making foundation yourself. The wax circles need to be boiled again in water in an enamel (without chips or cracks in the enamel) pan; You can use aluminum or food grade stainless steel. Other materials are not suitable for contact with wax, as they spoil the wax, coloring it dark. Use soft rainwater, distilled or demineralized water in a ratio of 1 part wax to 10 parts water. After boiling for a short time, the wax is placed in a kind of thermos - in a sealable foam box, so that the wax cools as slowly as possible and gets rid of the last traces of dirt. After cooling, the dirt from the bottom of the wax circle is scraped off, rinsed with cold water and placed back in the same pan, but without water, to be disinfected by boiling at a temperature of 117 ºC for an hour. These are the requirements of the State Veterinary Service in the Czech Republic. To monitor the disinfection process, the only thing required is a recording thermometer. But if you make wax for yourself and from your own wax, then a digital thermometer at 600 ºС, sold in an electrical goods store for 200 Kč, will be sufficient.

After disinfection, the wax is left to cool to a temperature of 75 ºC and poured into molds. For the first time, an ordinary kitchen baking sheet, enamel or aluminum, is enough. The baking sheets are first coated with a brush with a thin layer of honey water or baby soap emulsion so that the wax then easily comes off the mold. The wax is poured in a layer of no more than 7 mm, otherwise the production of foundation will require smooth rollers to roll out the workpiece to the desired and uniform thickness. After about 10-12 minutes. we get a casting that has cooled down enough that it can be peeled off. Some people place such blanks in cold water so that they can be stacked without fear of them sticking together. These wax blanks must mature within a few days. Then they are placed in a container of water, maintaining the water temperature at 37 ºС. This is necessary for better rolling. If the temperature of the wax is higher or lower, then its sheets will tear in the rollers and stick during the production of foundation. The rollers are thoroughly lubricated with lubricant (soapy water) and rolling begins directly, feeding wax blanks on one side, and receiving a long ribbon of finished soft foundation on the other. From a wax casting 40 cm wide and 7 mm thick, a strip of foundation about 5 m long is obtained, which is immediately cut to specific sizes. This foundation rolls well, is strong and flexible, does not tear or break when secured in frames. For small frames for comb honey, it does not need to be equipped with wire.

Michal Řiha, Včelařstvi No. 4/11

Per. from Czech V. Efimov

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Foundation for bees at home

The machine that produces foundation is called a roller. The tool can be found in retail outlets or built with your own hands. The complexity of the mechanism lies in the relief surface: the dimensions of the cells must match the dimensions of the honeycombs that bees make.

The main components of the design include:

• 2 engraved drums that are coated with a polymer composition to prevent wax sticking;
• adjustable bolts that allow you to reduce or increase the interval between shafts;
• 2 gears that give the rollers forward rotation;
• a base that serves as a mount for other pieces of equipment.

Attention! The quality parameter of honeycombs is compliance with equal dimensions of cell angles of 120°. Only the fulfillment of this condition on the convex surface of the rollers will allow the production of high-quality foundation

The initial stage when rolling sheets of wax is the release of blanks.

There are two main methods:

1. Pouring into pre-prepared forms. The cleaned and dissolved wax is poured into prepared molds with wooden sides, which are moistened with water ahead of time. The finished sheet, after hardening, is put through the machine. At the output, the workpiece is thicker than the specified value, so the sheet is similar to tape, which is later brought to the standard.
2. Coating the sheet with wax. The moistened plywood sheet is placed several times in liquid wax. When they want to get a thin sheet - two, if thicker - more. The two sheets are removed after cooling and run through the rollers. Such a workpiece comes out thinner: based on the size of the mold, the dimensions of the final product are adjusted. Minimum cuttings are obtained.

On a note. For the production of sheets, rollers with a flat surface are used only. The working surfaces (convex and smooth) are treated in advance with a release mixture. Honey or a suspension is used as a solution: glycerin (2 tsp) and unscented liquid soap (100 g) are mixed into 1 liter of liquid.

Equipment

Do-it-yourself foundation and its creation will not require purchasing expensive special equipment. You can buy a press and hand rollers.

Requirements for selecting devices:

• the texture is high quality and safe;
• aluminum rollers and workspace are coated with tin and nickel;
• purchase of prepared forms;
• purchasing a cooling system to preserve the cellular structure;
• The operating principle of a waxing machine is a waffle iron: pressing molten wax between two strips with dies.

The correct choice of design affects the technological process: it reduces the time for producing each sheet of wax.

Production begins with the calculation of the wax required for the production of plates. Calculations are carried out individually.

Production

Technological processes for producing plates are carried out step by step at home:

1. Melt the wax, filter the liquid mass from impurities and debris.
2. Set humidity. When the indicator is more than 2%, the liquid is evaporated over low heat.
3. Melt over steam using two containers. Pull out the prepared sheet and throw it over the side of the bath.
4. Pass the sheet between the rollers. Wax sticking is prevented by pre-cooling.
5. It’s time to dry the foundation plates under normal conditions.

The disadvantage of making it yourself is the time it takes for the beekeeper, which takes him away from business. But automating your workshop will significantly reduce the time for wax processing.

Ready foundation sheets

Rolling method

Rolling is a more productive method. Such foundation making machines are also commercially available. For lack of funds or to create sheets of a different size instead of standard ones, you can make a machine yourself. You can start a wax production business using rollers if you do it purposefully.

Mechanism elements:

1. 2 shafts with cells printed on them.
2. Gears on shafts to give them rotation.
3. Adjusting bolts for changing the distance between the shafts.
4. A base for securing structural elements.

It is extremely difficult to create a relief pattern on rounded shafts while maintaining all cell angles of 120 degrees. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to make foundation rollers yourself. It is better to purchase their factory version. This is the only way to obtain high-quality foundation that is not inferior to industrial analogues.

The production of foundation using rollers begins with the production of blanks using two methods:

1. Casting through special molds. The wax is poured into pre-prepared molds with sides. The molds are pre-moistened with water, but oil can be used.
2. By applying it to a sheet of plywood. A wet sheet of plywood is dipped into melted wax. You need to do this several times to get a layer of sufficient thickness. After cooling, you get 2 sheets ready for use.

The resulting workpieces are passed through rollers. To prevent the wax from sticking to the latter, they are lubricated with vegetable oil. It is preferable to use flaxseed because it is inexpensive and does not give off a strong odor. Sometimes honeycomb, glycerin or soap are used. The last 2 materials are not recommended for use due to their belonging to the chemical industry.

Using adjusting bolts, the distance between the rollers is changed to obtain high-quality sheets. As soon as the tape of the required size is obtained, it is cut - this is how the sheet is formed.

A simple way to make your own frame

The reliability of the bed is a key characteristic of the machine. Human safety and the quality of the product depend on the properties of the material and the quality of the connection of the parts of the frame.

Based on these requirements, the choice falls on metal profiles, chipboard, plywood or solid wood (preferably solid wood: oak, birch or the most common: pine).

If the choice is on a metal frame, then you need to choose a channel, an I-beam or a profile pipe that will carry the load-bearing functions of the machine. Here the choice depends solely on the availability of the material, its price and ease of installation. However, the metal frame is the simplest in design: you only need two I-beams, on which the engine, tailstock, tool rest and caliper are then mounted.

If the choice is wood or chipboard, then based on a preliminary sketch-drawing with the existing dimensions of the engine and all other elements, the design of the frame is formed. As a rule, it consists of a table top, which acts as a base, a stand for the tailstock and a box on which the motor and headstock axle are mounted.

In addition, two parallel slats are run between the headstock racks, on which a movable support board is attached. A gap of 5 cm is maintained between the slats. Afterwards, it is necessary to weld the frame with a welding machine - this will give additional strength to the structure.

If the machine is supposed to be a tabletop machine, then there is no need for legs, but when processing heavy and massive elements, the bed should be independent and its stability should not raise questions. In this case, it is necessary to provide legs. They are made from rolled steel, for example, angle or timber.

The dimensions of the machine primarily depend on the goals pursued by the master. Most operations at home are performed with products up to 80 cm in length, so most often the length dimensions of the machine are 80 cm. If the frame is made of metal, then two blanks of equal length are cut with a grinder.

Foundation and rollers for its production: do it yourself

Any beekeeper is well aware of what foundation is and why it is needed. Rollers for making foundation yourself are also familiar to those who work with bees. It is this simple device that allows you to quickly and effectively help bees in such an important matter as the construction of honeycombs, in which honey will subsequently accumulate.

Rollers for making foundation

Types of foundation and methods of its production

Externally, foundation is a thin sheet made of wax or other materials, on both sides of which there are extruded depressions - bottoms. The recesses on the surface of the foundation are not round - they are made in the form of a hexagon. It is this cross-sectional shape that, as is known, each cell of a bee honeycomb has.

An alternative to foundation rollers is a press

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-VdH6FAVcE

Depending on the material from which it is made, foundation can be of several types:

• natural (this is the kind of foundation produced by the bees themselves, using wax);
• made on the basis of artificial materials close to wax in their characteristics;
• plastic, for the manufacture of which polypropylene is most often used (plastic foundation can be used many times, its service life sometimes reaches up to 10 years).

Natural wax naturally smells like wax, and its color ranges from light yellow to yellow.

Since plastic foundation is still very rarely used by domestic beekeepers, it is not advisable to discuss in detail the nuances of its production and use in this article.

The production of foundation, the material for which is wax or its artificial analogues, can be carried out using two main methods.

1. To implement the first method, equipment for the production of foundation is used, such as rollers, which can be equipped with various types of drives - manual, mechanical, electric, etc. The working parts of the rollers have a cellular relief. It is between them that a preheated thin sheet of wax or its artificial analogue is passed.
2. The second method of making foundation involves the use of a press, which can be equipped with a manual or electric drive. The main working parts of such a press are two plates, on the surface of which there are hexagonal protrusions. The latter form depressions in soft sheets of wax or other material. It should be noted that a press, compared to rollers, does not make it possible to make wax with high productivity, so it is advisable to use it only in cases where a small amount of wax sheets is needed.

Foundation production using rollers

The production of foundation using special rollers is a very effective method that allows you to quickly and without significant waste produce this material in the required quantities.

It is this simple device that is most often used by those beekeepers who are not interested in purchasing ready-made material, but in making foundation at home or even in an off-site apiary.

At the same time, using rollers is much more convenient and easier than using a press.

Special equipment for wax production consists of two parts: tape-forming and wax-rolling

Typical elements of the design of rollers, which are produced by many modern enterprises, are:

• two engraved rollers, the working surfaces of which form the relief of the foundation (rollers, as a rule, are made of hardened steel, and their corrugated surface, so that softened wax or its artificial analogue does not stick to it, is coated with a special polymer composition);
• two gears, with the help of which the rollers are given rotation relative to each other;
• adjusting bolts, which are necessary in order to establish the required distance between the rollers;
• the base on which all structural elements of the device are attached.

An important characteristic of the rollers with which foundation is produced is the angle of the hexagonal protrusions engraved on their working part. Manufacturers try to make this angle as close as possible to the angles of the honeycomb cells that the bees themselves build (it is 120º).

The surface of wax rollers consists of regular hexagons, the width of which ranges from 5.12 to 5.69 mm

As mentioned above, to make foundation, you need to pass a thin sheet of wax or an artificial analogue of such material through rollers.

Do-it-yourself foundation can be made either from ready-made sheets, which can be purchased separately, or from sheet material produced independently.

Several methods can be used to make sheets from wax or other material.

• Glass or smooth plywood is immersed in a bath of molten wax or its equivalent. After the material has completely hardened and cooled, the sheet can be easily separated from the base. As a rule, it is necessary to form a sheet of a certain thickness, for which a glass or plywood template is immersed in a bath of molten material three to four times.
• A more advanced and productive method for making sheets for foundation involves the use of a special device, the main element of which is a drum. The latter, rotating with a handle, passes through a bath of molten material. The drum of such a device has a large diameter, which is necessary so that the wax layer formed on its surface has time to completely harden and cool before it is removed.
• You can also obtain a sheet of wax or other material from which the foundation will be made by rolling a heated ingot of material through smooth rollers.
• You can make a sheet for the production of foundation in a simpler way, without using any special devices for this. You will need gauze and a tray containing wax or its equivalent. A piece of gauze, which plays the role of a reinforcing element of the future sheet, is dipped into a bath of liquid material, and then laid on a flat and smooth surface to completely harden and cool. Finished sheets of wax or other material should be kept in the open air at room temperature so that they acquire the required strength. This exposure is necessary in order to make foundation from the resulting sheets with a minimum amount of waste.

Features of the technology

The rollers with which the foundation will be made are installed in a special tray. The separation solution is poured into the bath. It is necessary so that the softened wax does not stick to the protrusions on the rollers and high-quality depressions with the required geometric parameters are formed on the surface of the sheet.

Making your own separation solution is easy. For this, the following ingredients are used: liquid honey or a solution consisting of water (1 liter), odorless liquid soap (100 g) and glycerin (2 teaspoons).

In such a solution, so that it forms a thin layer on the surface of the foundation with a smell that attracts bees, you can add 1 gram of a special product containing pheromones of the queen bee.

After the rollers are installed in a pre-prepared bath, the separation solution is poured into it.

The process of making foundation itself is as follows.

• A sheet of wax or an artificial analogue of such material is placed in the bath.
• The sheet located on the surface of the separating liquid is carefully moved towards the gap between the rollers and directed into it.
• By turning the handle away from you, the rollers are set into rotation, at this moment the sheet is completely pulled into the gap and passed between the working surfaces of the rollers.

The wax sheet, passing between the rollers, is covered with recesses of the desired configuration

When performing such a simple process, you should ensure that the working surfaces of the rollers are constantly wetted with the separating solution in the bath. The sheet of foundation obtained in this way is dried, and then it is completely ready for use.

After the procedure, the rollers must be thoroughly rinsed with warm water and dried. In order for the roller device for making foundation to serve you for a long time and not cause malfunctions, it should be stored in a dry place and at above-zero temperatures.

Equipment for the production of foundation: press

The finished factory machine consists of two weighted plates, fastened together with a gap of a certain thickness and with a relief surface in the form of hexagonal cells. To make it easier to remove the finished foundation, the inside of the press is moistened with water, after which wax is poured. The productivity of such equipment is low, and it is more suitable for amateur apiaries.

Building such a device at home is not particularly difficult:

To create a matrix with ready-made cells, one of the solutions (gypsum, silicone, epoxy resin, cement) is applied to a sheet of foundation; After one side has hardened, carefully separate the surfaces, and remove the remaining wax with hot water; The operation is repeated and the finished matrices are attached to the metal plates; After this, they are fastened together in such a way that after hardening the finished sheet has a given thickness.

Rules for storing foundation

Storage place - dry, cool room without foreign odors. Manufactured copies are packed in thick paper. The temperature and humidity in the room are constantly monitored to avoid overheating of the plates.

Beekeeping without wax sheets is almost impossible at present, since wax sheets increase the productivity and health of bee colonies. These are the main tasks of beekeepers. Making wax plates at home is easy to implement. This requires minimal equipment, skills and time.

Pros and cons of artificial foundation

Today's technologies offer more and more innovations. They also did not bypass beekeeping: many beekeepers switched from natural foundation to artificial one. This is due to a number of ADVANTAGES OF THE LATTER:

1. Any wax foundation will envy the service life of plastic. You can actively use artificial leaves for up to 10 years.
2. To make foundation with your own hands, you need to put in effort and time - or a significant amount of money to purchase. With plastic foundation, these problems are solved, since the cost in this case is more than affordable.
3. No need for waxing is another important advantage. The plastic foundation is either immediately inserted into the groove, or the entire plastic frame is used.
4. You can be sure that the plastic foundation will not warp in the evidence or in the honey extractor.

However, there are also significant disadvantages to using artificial foundation. It has to be treated with chemicals more often to prevent bee diseases, which is not very useful. In addition, the experience of using plastic foundation is not yet rich enough, so it is difficult to talk about how well the queen lays larvae on such foundation or whether the combs are built normally on plastic. Finally, plastic frames for foundation are quite problematic to make yourself, so you will need initial capital to purchase them.

Types of foundation and methods of its production

Experienced and novice beekeepers often face a problem - the lack of frames with prepared honeycombs. Then the sushi is replaced by wax sheets, which you can make yourself. This is common in the spring when bees are in dire need of nest expansion.

Foundation is available in 3 types, which differ in the materials used for production:

• natural - produced by insects themselves from beeswax;
• artificial – made from products similar in composition to natural wax;
• plastic – made from polypropylene.

Plastic foundation
Plastic foundation will last up to 10 years, even with repeated use. The second and third types are often combined into one group. Propylene plates are rarely used in beekeeping, so natural and artificial foundation will be discussed in the manufacturing methods. There are 2 common production methods:

1. The use of special devices, which can be manual, electrical or mechanical. The rollers look like honeycombs, the similarity is a relief similar to cells. A heated wax or artificial sheet passes between them.
2. Use of pressure devices. The press can be selected manual or electric. Externally, it consists of two plates, on the surface of which protrusions in the form of cells are visible. They form depressions on heated sheets.

The main disadvantage of the second method over the first method is low productivity, so its use is recommended when producing a small number of copies. Colored wax is produced separately. It is used as an item for arranging comfort in homes. It is used to make multi-colored candles with a pleasant aroma.

Natural

Natural replacement for sushi is the most common in beekeeping, which is associated with a number of advantages:

• safety from an environmental point of view;
• convenience and ease of use;
• elasticity, which makes work comfortable.

Natural wax
White wax is used to produce natural sheets. This is due to the low melting point and the absence of sediment.

Artificial

The artificial sushi substitute is made from either paraffin or plastic. Flaws:

1. Diluting natural wax with paraffin leads to a brittle structure. If it is bent or deformed, it cannot be straightened.
2. The use of synthetic materials is inappropriate for various reasons: rarity of use; lack of information about the principles of building honeycombs on plastic material; additional treatment with wax, means for the prevention of bee diseases.

Artificial sheets cannot be repaired, which requires the constant purchase of new frames. However, they have significant advantages:

• impressive service life - up to 10 years;
• placement into prepared grooves or frames;
• susceptibility to curvature, deformation.

The beekeeper himself decides whether to choose to independently produce natural foundation or purchase artificial sheets. These types demonstrate both advantages in use and disadvantages. However, before choosing, it is recommended that you read the rules.

Pressing: simple and effective

The factory press consists of 2 heavy plates that are secured together with a small gap. The surface of the plates is a relief of hexagonal cells. The performance of the mechanism is small and is not suitable for large volumes.

Making your own press is as follows:

1. A solution of gypsum, silicone or epoxy resin must be applied to a sheet of factory wax. Some people use cement, but it can be difficult to remove from the foundation. You need to make 2 matrices.
2. As soon as the material has hardened, the wax is removed from it without any residue. If it doesn’t come off well, wash it off with water.
3. The matrices are fixed on metal plates.

The thickness of the factory foundation varies in the range of 0.2 - 0.6 mm. At this distance you need to fix 2 matrices. Some beekeepers adapt old waffle irons for the press, placing them inside their matrix. This way you can make all types of foundation.

Casting foundation on such a machine is not difficult. It is enough to lubricate one matrix with molten wax and press it with the second for a short time. Then the mold is separated and the finished sheet is removed. To prevent the wax from sticking to the matrices, they are lubricated with a thin layer of vegetable oil or water.

Using tinder wax

Wax sheets are not always used for their intended purpose. Most often you can find a description of the use of tinder wax, which is used in the extraction of the most valuable beekeeping product. Tinder homogenate (milk) is the larvae of drone bees processed using a special technology from constructed honeycombs. Collection and preparation follow strict rules and differ in their nuances.

As for drone foundation, its production also has differences, even visually - the cells of the honeycomb are much larger and more voluminous, and the sheets themselves are distinguished by increased density and thickness. The collection of tinder homogenate occurs at a certain time (not during the bribe period) and requires increased vigilance, so the use of special preparations will help make the task easier.

Manufacturing of hand-held equipment

The main advantage of assembling a wax rolling machine yourself is low cost. To make such a device, it will take 3-4 times less money than to buy a ready-made specialized device. You will need to get a drawing, according to which the preparation of materials and workpieces will be carried out.

The manufacturing process of rollers is complex and painstaking. To make rollers, the apiary owner needs to consider:

Cell sizes on the finished product. They vary and depend on the maintenance of bees and the climatic characteristics of the region where the apiary is located. Before constructing the rollers, measurements are taken from the cells. Materials

For the manufacture of rollers, it is important to use strong and durable materials that will not affect the chemical composition of the finished product (pressed wax sheets). It is better to use cylindrical blanks made of food-grade aluminum. The cell angle should be 120°, t

because the cells of natural honeycombs have the same indicator.

The simplest and cheapest type to manufacture is a two-roller model with a gear or chain connection. Provided you have all the materials and tools, it will take only 4-5 hours to make such a device.

The manufacturing process of rollers is complex and painstaking

Tools and materials

To make rollers for making a hollow with your own hands, you will need skills in working on lathes, drilling and stamping machines, as well as the required amount of materials. The main thing is to get the main element of the mechanism: an aluminum cylinder with a diameter of at least 60 mm and a length of at least 550 mm. The workpiece is divided into 2 parts.

The body is made of a U-shaped profile or a metal pipe. To produce a hand-held device you will also need:

• gears or sprockets with chain;
• handle;
• bolts;
• rolling bearings.

There are other options for arranging rollers for making foundation yourself. A popular type of equipment is without gears (sprockets) and a chain connection. In such devices, it is necessary to select a suitable spring that will attract the lower shaft to the upper one, creating conditions for sufficient adhesion during operation of the mechanism.

Assembling the device

Rollers for the production of foundation are made both engraved and smooth. The difference between them is the presence of a pattern on the surface of the shaft. The manufacturing technology itself remains the same. The production of a pattern on the surface of a part is carried out by processing the product on a lathe or by rolling a profile. The main thing is to achieve the desired cell size, similar to natural honeycombs. The angle of one cell should be 120°.

Rollers for home foundation production are made according to the obtained drawings:

• Rollers for making foundation with your own hands are made from cylinders of food-grade aluminum. Rollers are turned to the required dimensions on a milling machine. The diameter of this piece of equipment should be 58-60 mm, and the length - 260-280 mm. The resulting roller should contain up to 48 cells.
• The cells are adjusted to the required size on a stamping machine.
• The sprockets are welded, which in the future will be connected by a chain.
• They make a frame from a metal pipe or profile.
• The lower shaft is mounted on bearings, and the upper shaft is fixed in the frame so that it moves along a vertical plane.
• Install the chain on the sprockets and check the movement of the mechanism.

The manufacturing process of foundation rollers ends with the installation of a handle.

Afterwards it is important to adjust the gap in the rolling working area

Manually driven foundation rollers produce 10-15 kg of product per hour. This indicator is slightly inferior to factory equipment, but for home use this is not a disadvantage. Such manual mechanisms will cost the apiary owner less than any, even the simplest two-roller specialized types of equipment.

What is natural wax and what does it look like?

This is the name given to a rectangular plate of beeswax placed in a hive on a special frame. Using the foundation as a preparation, the bees complete the honeycombs on it. On both sides the plate has hexagonal imprints similar to the bases of a honeycomb. To prevent the foundation from deforming, it is reinforced with metal wire.

High-quality foundation must be able to withstand the weight of filled honeycombs and a large number of bees.

The foundation has standard dimensions - 410 by 260 mm regular and 410 by 207 thick. From 1 kg of wax you can make 14–16 regular or 11–13 thick plates. Based on the size of the cells, they are divided into bee and drone cells. The distance between the parallel sides of the bee cell is 5.37 ±0.03 mm, the drone cell is 6.87 ±0.04 mm. The size of the angles that form the hexagon also matters. For large southern breeds, combs in which adjacent sides meet at an angle of 140° are suitable, for small Central Russian breeds - 120°. Honeycombs with a cell angle of 130° are considered universal and the most common.

How to make rollers for making foundation with your own hands according to drawings

Honeycomb cells, depending on their value and shape, are divided into four classes:

1. The main ones are bees, in which worker bees are born, their main food is deposited - honey and beebread. There are a majority of such cells in honeycombs;
2. Transitional;
3. Uterine, in which the queen lays eggs to create further offspring;
4. Drones.

After the larvae hatch, their waste products and cocoons remain in the honeycombs, which subsequently leads to darkening and clogging of the honeycombs, and grinding of the cells. In such cells smaller and less viable offspring are hatched, and pests can appear. That is why the basis for successful breeding of healthy bee colonies and high-quality honey production is the timely replacement of honeycombs - once a year.

Functions of foundation

• A simple increase in the cellular field of the nest.
• Loading a young bee with work.
• Stimulating the secretion of wax in bees for the purpose of its preparation.
• Regular cell updates.

The honeycombs in the nest accumulate dangerous viruses and bacteria that can harm the bees. In addition, over time, the diameter of the bee cells decreases, and full-fledged brood cannot be hatched in them. For these reasons, the honeycombs in the nests need to be updated regularly. Foundation allows this to be done as quickly as possible for the beekeeper and with minimal costs for the bees.

Silicone matrix for foundation

The main components of the device include the foundation matrix. It is a frame that holds a fragile mechanism made from natural beekeeping products.

The design is characterized by:

• strength;
• shiny surface;
• first-class texture without harmful impurities.

Non-compliance with the rules is responsible for harm to the well-being of Hymenoptera and defects in beekeeping honey products that are stored and matured in prepared honeycombs.

Many beekeepers use a silicone matrix for foundation.

Some beekeepers believe that the distinctive features of silicone products are softness and instability.

This problem is solved by adding building ceramics to the matrix in a small volume. They increase the service life of the matrix and give a pleasant appearance, thanks to car paint for additional coverage.

It is appropriate to use varnishes instead of car paint. They are applied to the matrix with a brush or spray can, spraying evenly over the surface.

Silicone matrices are like rubber. It is useful to adhere to the dimensions of the device so that the sheets of wax with cells fit tightly inside the structure. In addition, the size of the matrix must correspond to the hive where the installation is planned to avoid damage during use by bees.

Technological process

To make a matrix with your own hands you will need:

• 600 ml silicone;
• putty knife;
• 40 g catalyst;
• scotch;
• natural or artificial wax.

First, the base is placed on a hard, flat surface. Scotch tape will help out when making a bead that will protect the silicone from leaking. Then the catalyst is mixed in and poured into the mold. When hardened, remove the finished product with a spatula.

Today, manufacturers offer matrices of different sizes. In addition, the matrix for the foundation is cast with your own hands at home, taking into account individual properties.

To install the frame in the hive, wax is heated and applied in a small amount over the equipment. When the shelf life of the product expires, it is melted with a special wax melter.

Beekeeping cannot be imagined without foundation. Wax sheets increase the efficiency and health of bee colonies. Making wax sheets at home is easy to implement. You will need basic special equipment, time, and experience.

Foundation is a sheet of wax that is used for installation in hives. This is necessary to increase the health and fertility of the bee colony. The prepared foundation will save insects from constructing housing, and they will fully engage in collecting pollen and nectar. Beekeepers are interested in how to make foundation with their own hands.

Types: natural, with additives, plastic foundation

With the development of technology in beekeeping, not only natural, but also synthetic components began to be used in the production of foundation. Depending on the type of raw material from which it is made, foundation can be made from several types of materials:

Of course, whenever possible, preference is given to natural wax - this is the highest quality wax. The raw material for production is pure wax. There are no artificial impurities in this product. Bees accept such wax very well, and experienced beekeepers work only with it.

Artificial raw materials are made from paraffin and plastic. There is either no wax at all, or it is present in very small quantities.

Semi-natural foundation is made from wax with added impurities. Paraffin is often added to the composition. The sheets have low strength, so you need to work with them with extreme caution.

Profitability of the foundation production business

If you approach business organization wisely, all expenses can be justified in the shortest possible time.

And the most important thing here is to quickly find regular customers. It is at this stage that many novice entrepreneurs face the main difficulties.

Surely, local apiaries are already cooperating with someone, which means they will have to either lower prices for finished products or look for consumers in other regions. To calculate profits, you first need to estimate the main investment in the business. To buy a press for the production of foundation and other equipment, prepare the premises for work and stock up on raw materials, you will need at least 1,300,000 rubles. And this is in the case of equipping the workshop with medium-power equipment. The initial investment will be reduced to RUB 800,000 if you purchase used equipment. To show how profitable this niche is, let’s take as an example a foundation press with a capacity of 50 kg/h.

• Shift – 8 hours.
• There are 30 shifts per month.

It turns out that up to 12 tons of finished product can be produced monthly. And if you sell all the products received at an average wholesale price of 350 rubles/kg, the company’s revenue will be more than 4,000,000 rubles. Part of this amount will go to further production - the purchase of raw materials, rent, salaries for employees, taxes, transport, communications. With uninterrupted operation of the equipment and full shipment of goods from warehouses, the net profit can be 150,000 rubles per month. And despite the fact that the price of a machine for making foundation with your own hands, and accordingly the total costs of starting a business, may be different, by establishing the production of high-quality products, finding customers and organizing the delivery of ordered products to them, you can reach the break-even point within six months, starting to earn high profits.

Foundation is used to rationalize beekeeping. Thanks to its use, the productivity of the enterprise, as well as the life expectancy of bees, increases significantly. Foundation is a thin sheet of wax with hexagonal cells that allows bees to build combs of the correct shape. In modern honey production, regular purchase of high-quality foundation is simply necessary. So a business producing it would be a great idea. However, in order for it to generate real income, you should purchase reliable equipment for the production of foundation. We'll talk about his choice.

How to choose high-quality foundation from the manufacturer?

Choosing high-quality foundation for the hive is the key to the health and high productivity of bees.

The main criteria for a successful purchase are:

• transparency of the selected plate;
• absence of foreign inclusions and contaminants;
• the optimal plate size is 41x26 cm (or 41x19 cm for a multi-body hive);
• equal size between parallel sides of cells (from 5.3 to 5.45 mm).

The location and number of honeycombs is related to the characteristics of a particular bee species. Thus, Asian bees need smaller cavities than European and African bees, but the number of honeycombs themselves is larger for them.

Making foundation

Self-production of foundation is rare. But starting a line for making foundation at home is very simple.

When making foundations, the following methods are used: press or rollers.

DIY foundation rollers include 2 drums with a prepared honeycomb pattern. Passing the sheet through the mechanism is characterized by squeezing out the bottoms. Some beekeepers make their own foundation rollers, but at home it is advisable to use a press.

DIY wax for bees

At times, beekeepers prefer plastic foundation - a sheet of plastic with extruded cells that resemble honeycomb bottoms. Often suitable for expanding nests with wax.

Advantages of artificial foundation:

• strong;
• does not deform;
• easy to store;
• service life – for 10 years;
• microorganisms do not settle;
• there is no need for expansion.

Plastic protects against pests: wax moths, rodents.

Negative sides:

• periodic sanitary treatment against harmful microflora;
• applying a wax coating before installation;
• cannot be repaired.

However, Russian beekeepers are wary of buying plastic honeycombs; they think that the product is unsafe and spoils the honey. Although in the USA the product is popular among consumers.

Interesting. Plastic cells appeared in 1869, but they have not been used on the domestic market for very long.

Russian farmers give preference at the household level to the Scythian method, the action of which is based on the rejection of stamps and rollers.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=_03-izP0kfI

The simplicity of the procedure lies in the use of available means for making foundation:

• melted wax;
• waxed paper;
• non-woven fabric

How to make bees pull foundation?

Photo of foundation and bees

One of the most important conditions for foundation development is the presence in nature of bribes and the supply of fresh pollen. Feeding with syrup does not solve this problem. If there is no bribe, neither the strength of the family, nor the place where the foundation is substituted have a role, the bees will not rebuild the foundation.

Another secret of beekeepers is that if the bee colony is not very strong (5-6 frames of brood), then the foundation is placed along the edges of the brood. If the bee colony has 8 or more frames with brood, then the foundation can be placed in the center of the brood part of the nest. Excessive expansion of the nest is dangerous and, in the event of returning cold weather, can provoke diseases in the brood. For this reason, it is advisable to substitute one foundation frame at a time.

Advantages of home rollers

A handmade model made independently is painstaking, but profitable. Savings and additional benefits in business. With little experience, every beekeeper can try to make such a machine

After work, it is important to monitor the condition of the shafts, wash and dry them. Lubricate bearings regularly

In addition, it is important to observe the storage conditions of the equipment so that it lasts a long time.

Making foundation is an effective method that allows you to produce enough material for the insects to fully work. Do not leave the bees without this material while he is looking for where to purchase factory material. Small size of the machine and no need to connect to the network. He is present with the beekeeper during movements to honey-bearing places. And they are much easier to use than a press.

It is important to ensure that children or strangers do not try to pass paper or pieces of rags through the rollers. This can't be done

Storage

Many beekeepers are interested in the question of how to store unused foundations during the winter.

The necessary conditions:

• the ambient temperature should not fall below zero;
• strong heating is unacceptable;
• It is advisable to organize regular ventilation;
• The foundation must not come into contact with foreign strong odors;
• limit access to rodents;
• avoid deformation.

In reality, everyone decides for themselves how to properly store foundation in winter. You can build a plywood box and use a cardboard box. It is advisable to arrange the sheets with clean paper or parchment to prevent sticking.

Video: making foundation at home.

We make natural wax

Using this device is extremely simple. To work, you only need one ingredient - wax:

The required amount of wax is heated to a temperature of 90 degrees. It is best to use a special thermometer and after the wax reaches the required temperature, remove it from the heat. After that, cool the wax for 3-5 minutes so that it thickens slightly. Control the time and do not allow the product to lose the required liquid consistency, otherwise it will have to be reheated. Carefully pour a small amount of wax into the press in an even layer.

It is important not to overfill it, as otherwise it will be difficult to get rid of excess and unnecessary sheets. The finished foundation is removed from the press - and after a couple of minutes it is completely ready for use.

Experts recommend that novice beekeepers try both natural and artificial foundation. Only personal experience will help you understand which option is right for you and your bees, and which one will be easier for you personally to work with.

GOST, rules and parameters

To improve the quality of manufactured products, new indicators were introduced. Foundation is made using artificial and natural wax. To prevent it from being brittle and cloudy, you cannot use a lot of water.

According to GOST, it is necessary to set a suitable humidity level.

The foundation must be sterilized to protect the bees from ascospherosis and foulbrood. Amendments have been made to the sheet dimensions. According to the new requirements, the sheet size is 410 by 400 millimeters in length.

What it is

Under natural conditions, bees independently build honeycombs, in which honey is later stored and offspring are hatched. In hives this happens a little differently. Frames with foundation are placed inside and the bees draw honeycombs from it. This makes the task easier for the workers, prevents swarming, and ensures offspring and productivity. This is a thin wax sheet, on the surface of which shallow hexagonal cells are extruded.

Placing frames in hives makes many tasks easier for insects and significantly increases honey collection. Insects calmly accept such a substitute in the space of their hive and begin to actively build honeycombs from this material. The process occurs much faster than it would in nature. Therefore, this has a beneficial effect on the development of the family and nectar collection. This thin wax sheet has a number of positive functions:

• preserves the physical health of the worker bee;
• expands the nest;
• prevents swarming;
• increases productivity;
• improves brood.

This solution with foundation is directly responsible for the health of the colony and preserves the physical strength of the bee.

Manufacturing

Experienced beekeepers usually have their own equipment for making foundation. After each collection, the wax is collected for further processing. It is not profitable to constantly buy new foundation. You can purchase ready-made equipment and do your own manufacturing. There are only two ways:

• dipping method;
• casting wax slabs.

The poppy method of production is practically not used today. This does not make it possible to obtain high-quality wax. Special dipping boards, which are moistened with water, are dipped into molten wax several times. After hardening, carefully remove using warm water. The edges are then trimmed and adjusted to the desired size. It is troublesome and the quality of such material cannot be called high.

Casting wax slabs is the simplest and most progressive manufacturing method. Purified, free of debris and impurities, molten wax is cast in special molds. The result is a sheet of standard size, the thickness of which is 1.5 cm. These sheets are then passed through smooth rollers until the thickness reaches 3 mm. At the last stage it is passed through engraving rollers.

In manufacturing, belt machines are used in which the wax tape is rolled first on smooth and then on engraving rollers. Then, on an automatic line, the sheets are cut into specific sizes, which is already foundation. High quality, durable, clean, not dangerous to bees.

Foundation machine

Beekeepers use two methods for production, using:

• electric press;
• hand rollers.

The most popular rollers for manufacturing are manual ones. They have an engraved surface. By rolling sheets of warm wax through them, you get foundation of the required thickness. Before starting production, it is necessary to prepare a clean, high-quality material free of impurities, waste and traces of dirt.

How to store wax

It is easy to store wax in sheets. It can lie without losing its properties for several years. It is enough to wrap it in thick paper and place it in a tightly closed plywood box or cardboard box, inaccessible to mice. The smell of honey in natural wax will attract hungry animals first of all.

There should be no substances or objects with a strong odor in the room. Bees may refuse to build honeycombs from wax that has absorbed foreign odors.

If the foundation is stored in frames all winter, it is advisable to place the sheets vertically. The temperature should be above zero. But it shouldn’t be hot: the sheets can become deformed and “float.”

Storage at sub-zero temperatures is undesirable. When frozen, the wax plate may burst, crumble, or move away from the frames. She may be led.

The room should be dry and well ventilated. In a humid, hot room there can be moths that love bee dessert.

Foundation press

This is a fairly simple device with which you can obtain a limited amount of the finished product (the average productivity of a hand press is no more than 10 sheets per hour). Therefore, in large apiaries, the use of a press is impractical. The principle of operation of the device is similar to a waffle iron - the press consists of two halves with grooved internal parts. The factory press consists of two heavy plates, usually made of aluminum. They are connected to each other with a small gap, which is equal to the thickness of the sheet - from 0.2 to 0.6 mm. Sometimes beekeepers manage to convert old waffle irons into foundation presses, fixing silicone matrices for foundation inside.

Press for making foundation with your own hands

Despite its modest productivity, this type of foundation production machine is still consistently popular among beekeepers. Unfortunately, there are no domestically produced presses for sale, and the price of foreign tools goes through the roof for 50,000 rubles. For this money you can buy good rollers from a Russian or Ukrainian manufacturer. A simple press can be assembled independently without any problems or costs. For this you will need:

• Beeswax.
• Silicone for the mold. Any non-toxic variety of silicone or synthetic raw material used to make molds will do.
• Two wooden plates, fastening elements for the plates.
• Foundation sheet – 1 piece.

First of all, take one wooden plate and a ready-made sheet of foundation, and apply a layer of silicone to it. The silicone must be very carefully smoothed over the surface of the wax sheet so that all the cells are filled. Then silicone is applied to the plate itself and smoothed out thoroughly. Next, the foundation sheet is covered with a second layer of silicone, smoothed out, and connected to a wooden plate with the silicone-coated side.

As a result, the reverse side of the sheet remains clean, as does the second wooden plate. They are also treated with silicone in the same way.

The first layer of silicone is carefully smoothed over the surface, after applying the second layer, both wooden plates are connected to each other so that the wax sheet is between them.

Now you can attach metal loops to the wood-wax “sandwich” and wait until the silicone hardens completely. You can speed up this process by placing the structure in the oven and keeping it for some time at a temperature of 70-100 °C. Once the silicone is sufficiently strong, you can open the plates, attach the handle and additional side limit plates. For ease of use, you also need a tank into which excess wax will drain.

How to make wax on your press yourself

Working with the press is very simple: first, melted wax is evenly poured onto the lower wooden plate with a grooved silicone surface and pressed with the upper plate.

Important! There is no need to try to accurately calculate the amount of wax, its excess will flow into the tank and can be reused.

The remaining frozen wax on the edges of the plates can be cut off with a spatula. After this, the plates are unclenched, wait until the wax has completely hardened, and carefully remove the finished sheet.

To prevent the wax from sticking to the silicone, it is recommended to lubricate the matrix with a solution of laundry soap. However, as practice shows, sometimes bees build very poorly on foundation sheets that have traces of soap solution on them.

Linear annual calendar of a beekeeper

Important! Instead of a soap solution, it is recommended to use honey diluted in warm water as a lubricant for the silicone matrix (honey is full).

The result is a light, translucent corrugated sheet of fairly high quality. The only possible drawback of this design is that the edges of the hexagonal cells may be slightly less pronounced, which has virtually no effect on the construction of honeycombs by bees. Of course, this description of the wax production process is very superficial. In fact, every good beekeeper has his own secrets for making high-quality wax: special preparation of the wax, its repeated melting in a wax melter and in a water bath, dehydration, heating the press plates to a certain temperature, etc.

It is also worth considering the process of manufacturing plastic foundation in a press. In fact, it is not much different from making wax from natural material. You will need:

• Silicone (as a plastic substitute) and hardener for silicone.
• Spatula, tape.
• Actually, the press.

The workflow is as follows:

In a separate container, silicone and hardener are mixed in the required proportions. Using a spatula or knife, silicone is applied in an even layer to the matrix, after which it is pressed tightly on top with the press lid. After the silicone has hardened, the finished sheet is removed from the press and kept for some time until the artificial foundation has completely hardened.

Important! Before installing a plastic product in a frame, the surface must be covered with a thin layer of natural wax, since bees are very reluctant to build honeycombs on pure silicone.

Melt wax is applied to the silicone with a soft brush or roller. You can also dip the artificial foundation into melted wax - it will be faster.

Products made from silicone and other form-forming synthetic substances last quite a long time, and silicone matrices in a homemade press will last more than one season. The only condition is not to overheat the mold. Thus, using a press of even such a primitive design, it is possible to provide a small apiary with the necessary amount of natural, high-quality foundation.