Friends, in this article we will talk about vertical drilling machines, used both in small private and home workshops, and in large enterprises. They are used mainly in wood and metalworking for drilling through and blind holes, and, if necessary, for countersinking and reaming (a type of finishing of drilled holes), cutting threads of the required diameter in them.
General view of a vertical drilling machine
Thanks to the fixed drill and the drilled part on the base or lifting table using a clamp or vice, holes with precise dimensions and center distances are obtained. In addition, it is possible to obtain the smoothest possible inner walls of the holes.
BUY A DRILLING MACHINE
Design of a vertical drilling machine
If we briefly talk about the structure of a drilling machine with a vertical drill arrangement, it consists of a base in the form of a foundation plate, a vertical frame, an electric motor and a gearbox, as well as a feed mechanism and a spindle. All machine components are interconnected:
- The base plate is a solid piece cast from cast iron or steel. This is not only a reliable base, but also a place for attaching a vertical stand (bed), a table for placing parts, as well as a container for coolant if there is a cavity inside;
- the frame is used to place and fasten the drilling unit;
- the drilling unit combines an electric motor, a spindle, and a belt drive system;
- the spindle is designed to fix the chuck in which the drill is mounted.
Design of a vertical drilling machine
There are models of machines with different types of tables. Sometimes the table is the top of the base plate, and sometimes an additional lifting table moves along the rack. In some machines, such a movable table can rotate around a vertical axis.
All tables have several grooves: one of them, the central one, is necessary when creating through holes so that the drill is not damaged on the surface. The grooves on the edge serve as attachment points for various clamping devices.
Table with grooves
Taking care of the convenience of operators, manufacturers can include additional devices in the delivery package of drilling machines. One of them is a drilling depth adjustment mechanism. It works using a hand lever that locks the drill bit at the desired height. To protect the user from injury, that is, from flying metal or wood shavings, special protective screens are included in the kit.
Spindle classification
There are several different types of the device in question; all types of spindles of milling group machines are characterized by their specific features. The main types can be called:
- Collector machines have become very widespread in the manufacture of milling machines, which are intended for engraving and jewelry processing. Most often, this group includes a device with a high-speed collet. Cutting of soft alloys can be carried out using the ER11 collet version on a machine of various groups.
- High-speed versions are more often found in the design of milling machines. It is the high-speed spindle that allows you to significantly expand the capabilities of milling machines with numerical control.
- A separate group also includes a design capable of supplying coolant to the processing zone. Due to this, the temperature in the cutting zone is significantly reduced, so productivity can be significantly increased.
- The machine cutter is fastened using a collet, which is also supplemented with nuts. In the manufacture of collets, metal with increased hardness is used.
- Products of European and Chinese origin are on sale. The cheapest products are those from Chinese manufacturers. They use ceramic bearings that can withstand significant loads.
There are quite a large number of different spindles available on the modern market that can be installed on milling machines. In this case, the classification is carried out according to the type of cooling system used, the method of fixing the cutting tool and the workpiece. The version with a power of about 0.8 kW can be used for processing small products, as well as engraving. The anchor version is less common, but everything can be used in certain cases.
Operating principle and scope of use of drilling machines
Most machines for vertical drilling can be seen in industrial enterprises; they have wide functionality. Household vertical drilling machines, although less functional, are indispensable in many cases. It is by the example of their design that it will be convenient for us to consider the operating principle of these units.
The main operations that a vertical drilling machine are two spindle movements: vertical and rotational. Therefore, in fact, the machine is called vertical drilling.
The rotation of the spindle is ensured by an electric motor (power range from 250 to 1000 W for different household machines), which transmits torque to the belt drive shaft. And the steering wheel is responsible for vertical movement - a handle on the side of the body.
Household drill chuck
To start drilling, use a special wrench to install the bit into a chuck, similar to the clamping device found in a hand drill. The chuck allows the use of drills with a diameter of up to 12 mm, but the minimum drill size (up to 3 mm in diameter) is not clamped by all devices, keep this in mind when choosing.
The spindle speed can be adjusted, but only manually. Belt drive shafts have pulleys with steps of different diameters. By throwing the belt on the pulleys from one groove to another with the engine off, we can obtain higher or lower speeds within the range of 450-3000 rpm.
Belting
Depending on the machine model, you can drill parts of different heights: from 20 to 90 mm. This is influenced by the height of the stand, and therefore the distance over which the drill head can move. It can be secured with a handle and a fixing screw.
An important parameter for technological operations on a machine is the drill overhang - the distance between the stand and the axis of the drilling attachment. The standard drill reach for household tools is 10-20 cm, but it is desirable that it be maximum.
Spring loaded feed handle
The operating principle also provides for vertical movement of the drill using a spring-loaded handle. This function facilitates and speeds up the operator’s work, since after moving the drill with the handle, it automatically returns to its previous position. There are models of machines on which it is possible to cut threads in a hole, thanks to the equipment with an electric motor with reverse start.
Packaging, storage, unpacking and transportation 2С132
To protect the machine, accessories, tools, replacement and spare parts from corrosion during transportation, a corrosion-protective lubricant is applied to all unpainted surfaces, i.e. conservation is carried out. Preservation and re-preservation are carried out in accordance with GOST 9.014-78 and OST 2-N89-30-79.
Preservation of the machine must comply with group P-1; tools, replacement and spare parts - group 1-2. Temporary protection option: B3-1. Internal packaging option: for internal deliveries – VU-1; for export supplies - VU-5. The warranty period of protection without re-preservation is 1 year. Depreservation is carried out with low-viscosity oils or solvents, followed by wiping dry.
Reactivation of the machine. After installation, the machine must be thoroughly cleaned of the anti-corrosion coatings applied to the open, as well as treated and untreated surfaces of the machine covered with casings and shields.
Cleaning is done with a rag soaked in white spirit. Then, to avoid corrosion, coat the cleaned surfaces with a thin layer of industrial oil I-20A GOST 20799-88. The use of metal objects or sandpaper to clean the machine is not allowed.
The machine is packed with corrosion-protective paper and a polymer cover.
All accessories, tools, replacement and spare parts, documentation included with the machine are packed in boxes, placed in the machine packaging box and securely fastened in the box of the transported machine. Bulk (under a cover) shipment of products is allowed, which is negotiated with the user and fixed in the contract. The documentation supplied with the machine is packaged in a plastic film bag and placed in a document box, which is placed in place No. 1.
For microclimatic regions with moderate and cold climates in any type of atmosphere, the machine should be stored under a canopy and/or indoors, where fluctuations in temperature and humidity do not differ significantly from fluctuations in the open air. Climatic factors: air temperature ± 50ºС. The average monthly relative humidity during the warmest and most humid period is 80% at 20ºC, lasting 6 months. The upper value of relative humidity is 100% at 25ºС. For any microclimatic areas, including areas with a tropical climate, the machine should be stored indoors with natural ventilation (without artificially controlled climatic conditions), where fluctuations in temperature and air humidity are significantly less than in the open air. Climatic factors: air temperature ± 50ºС. The average monthly value of relative air humidity in the warmest and most humid period is 70% at 27ºС, the upper value of relative humidity is 98% at 35ºС. It is not allowed to store the machine in packaged form beyond the warranty period of protection without re-preservation.
When unpacking, you must first remove the top panel of the packing box, and then the side panels. Care must be taken not to damage the machine with the unpacking tool.
When unpacking the machine, it is especially important to ensure that the corrosion protective film or paper is removed after the machine and room temperatures have equalized (usually after 48 hours). Otherwise there is a risk of corrosion due to condensation.
When unpacking, you must check the completeness of the delivery and/or any possible damage during transportation. After unpacking, you should check the external condition of the components and parts of the machine, as well as the presence of its components, tools and accessories, spare parts and technical documentation removed from the machine and packaged separately in accordance with this manual.
The machine can be transported by all types of transport. Before delivering the machine, carefully plan its unloading and transportation to the installation site. When your machine is delivered, the transport and lifting equipment must be in full readiness. Before delivering the machine, any obstacles in the way of transportation from the unloading point to the installation site must be removed. During transportation, keeping people in the danger zone is unacceptable!
Machine transportation diagram
Special instructions for transportation:
Only use vehicles with sufficient carrying capacity, i.e. more than the specified transport weight! When choosing lifting devices (belts, chains, ropes, etc.), be sure to ensure that their maximum permissible lifting capacity is sufficient for the transported weight! The weight of the packaged machine is indicated on the box. When unloading the packaged machine, be sure to follow the instructions on the outside of the packaging! When transporting to the installation site and when lowering it onto the foundation (floor), it is necessary to ensure that the machine is not subjected to strong shocks and shocks. Before transporting the unpacked machine, you must make sure that the moving components are securely fastened: - the movable table is in the lower position; — the drilling head is lowered onto the table stop and onto a wooden beam clamped in a vice mounted on the movable table; — the head stop is turned out and secured to the table stop. The machine can be shipped without a vice. In this case, the drilling head is lowered onto a wooden beam fixed in the rear groove of the table, pressed and secured to the column with clamping screws. The table is also fixed. The drill head stop is turned out and secured to the table stop.
Transportation of the machine is carried out according to the transportation scheme. To transport the unpacked machine, use a Ø35 mm rod, which is inserted into the holes of the column. In this case, it is necessary to protect the protruding parts and the lining of the machine, for which purpose wooden spacers are placed under the rope. After transporting the machine using lifting equipment and transport openings, the transport openings must be immediately closed with the plugs located in the spare parts box.
Varieties of models of modern drilling machines and machines
Today, manufacturers, keeping up with the times, supply the market with a great variety of models of vertical drilling mechanisms of various designs and purposes. These can be machines for drilling holes not only in metal and wood, but also in other materials. For example, for brick, reinforced concrete and concrete, a DIAM N-254 machine , which makes holes from 25 to 254 mm in diameter. It is often used when laying ventilation and plumbing pipes, and in electrical installation work. This is a multifunctional modern machine with a powerful electric motor and many features.
Drilling machine DIAM-N-254
The Russian company supplies the equipment market with a ZSS-550 drilling machine with a horizontally moving head, due to which it is possible to process very large parts from different materials. This is possible thanks to the presence of five stages of speed control.
Drilling machine BISON ZSS-550
Einhell drilling machines , which are today manufactured in modern factories in China, have an improved drill mounting unit: they use a quick-release chuck. The operator of such a machine saves significant time and does not use additional keys.
Drilling machine EINHELL
The CALIBR SS-13/400A drilling machine is perfect for home use , due to its simplicity and safety in use. You can use it to drill parts not only from wood and metal, but also plastic with high precision.
Machine CALIBER SS-13-400A
You can find all of the above models and many other modern devices for drilling in our online store of building materials “Kuzmich24”. In addition to drilling machines, we offer a full range of processing equipment. These are milling, turning, grinding, circular, sharpening, thicknessing machines from well-known MAKITA, BELMASH, JET, PATRIOT, STURM and many others.
Your Kuzmich.
How to choose a spindle?
There are quite a few recommendations regarding the direct selection of a spindle for a milling machine. It is worth considering the fact that the spindle of a lathe is significantly different, since its purpose is to fasten the workpiece. The main recommendations are the following:
- First, we consider what load will be placed on the tail section. At the same time, we should not forget that there are two different types of load: axial and centrifugal. In cases where a large layer of metal will be removed in one pass, you should choose a mechanism with greater load resistance.
- Another selection criterion is the number of revolutions at which the equipment will operate. This indicator is indicated in the operating instructions for all milling machines and electric tools.
- Overall dimensions are also important. The minimum and maximum diameter of the installed tool depends on this.
- An important point is which company produces the device for the machine. The build quality, service life, and basic performance characteristics depend on this.
- Some milling machine manufacturers also indicate which spindle is best suited. It is recommended to follow the recommendations for selection, since the indicated mechanism is more suitable.
As a rule, the devices in question are made in a universal form. Due to this, it is possible to select the most suitable design option for a wide variety of milling machines.
In conclusion, we note that the spindle is a complex structure, which is designed to fix various elements at the time of operation.
That is why quite a lot of attention should be paid to its choice, since a low-quality and unreliable design will not be able to last for a long period. Attention should also be paid to the correct installation, since mistakes made can cause a variety of defects.
