Test: Ural metallurgical base

Introduction

In modern conditions of the international division of labor, one of Russia’s specialization sectors is the national metallurgical industry. The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy: a set of interconnected industries and stages of the production process from the extraction of raw materials to the production of finished products - ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. The state and development of the metallurgical industry ultimately determine the level of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy. The specific features of the industry are the scale of production and the complexity of the technological cycle, which is incomparable with other industries.

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the most important basic branches of heavy industry. Its products serve as the basis for the development of mechanical engineering (one third of the metal produced goes into mechanical engineering), construction (1/4 of the metal goes into construction), and metalworking. In addition, ferrous metallurgy products are of export importance.

The Ural metallurgical base uses its own iron ore (mainly from the Kachkanar deposits), as well as imported ore from the Kursk magnetic anomaly and partly from the ore from the Kustanai deposits in Kazakhstan. Coal is imported from the Kuznetsk and Karaganda basins (Kazakhstan). The largest full-cycle plants are located in the cities of Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, etc.

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Introduction The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, covering all stages of technological processes: from the extraction and enrichment of raw materials to the production of finished products in the form of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. The metallurgical complex is an interdependent combination of the following technological processes: - extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing (mining, enrichment, agglomeration, obtaining the necessary concentrates, etc.); - metallurgical processing - the main technological process with the production of cast iron, steel, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, pipes, etc.; — production of alloys; — recycling of main production waste and obtaining various types of products from them. The metallurgical complex is the basis of the industry. It is the foundation of mechanical engineering, which, together with the electric power industry and the chemical industry, ensures the development of scientific and technological progress in all levels of the country's national economy. Metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy and is characterized by high material and capital intensity of production. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals account for more than 90% of the total volume of structural materials used in Russian mechanical engineering. In the total volume of transport traffic in the Russian Federation, metallurgical cargo accounts for over 35% of the total cargo turnover. The needs of metallurgy consume 14% of fuel and 16% of electricity, i.e. 25% of these resources are spent in industry. The state and development of the metallurgical industry ultimately determine the level of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy

1. History of the metallurgical base of the Urals The Urals are one of the unique iron ore provinces of the world, including all the diversity of iron ores both in the method of formation and in their qualitative characteristics. Iron ores in the Urals have been known for a long time. Approximately from the second half of the 16th century, handicraft iron production existed in many places along the western and eastern slopes of the Ural ridge. At that time, only fusible brown iron ore was sought and mined, which was formed as a result of the deposition of iron from underground groundwater to the bottom of numerous swamps. Deposits of such or lake ores were numerous, but very insignificant in reserves and therefore were quickly developed. The discoverers and users of these ores were mostly peasants, who received the so-called “brick” iron in the form of a spongy mass at a temperature of 700–800 ° C in “houses”. The increased needs of the state in the era of Peter I in arming the army led to the widespread development of prospecting for higher quality raw materials and the construction of iron-making state-owned factories near open deposits. At that time, the Demidovs were actively engaged in the search for iron ore and the construction of new factories in the Urals. To control the activities of miners, Peter I sent V.N. Tatishchev and V.I. Gennin to the Urals, who founded many new mines and factories in the Urals. From smelting brown iron ore, factories began to switch to smelting magnetic iron ore. These were skarn magnetite ores, which for a long time determined the industrial significance of the Ural region: for more than two centuries they were the main base of the metallurgical industry of the Urals and throughout Russia. But to date, the reserves of large shallow deposits have been depleted, and industry is faced with the problem of developing poor and even more refractory (due to their higher titanium content) ores - titanomagnetite. With the development of titanomagnetite ores in the early 70s (1963), the third period began in the development of the metallurgical industry in the Urals. Huge reserves of titanomagnetite ores, the presence of a valuable alloying element - vanadium, and good concentration are favorable objective prerequisites for the further development of the ferrous metallurgy base of the Urals in the new millennium.

2. Raw material base of the Urals Currently, in the Urals there are about 50 medium and large iron ore deposits and more than 200 small deposits and ore occurrences. Their formation is associated with various geological processes: magmatic, post-magmatic, sedimentary, weathering. Depending on the conditions of ore formation, their mineral composition, geochemical features and connection with certain complexes of ore-hosting rocks, the following main types of deposits are distinguished: titanomagnetite, skarn-magnetite, siderite, ferruginous quartzite and brown ironstone. There are two groups (formations) of titanomagnetite deposits: ilmenite-magnetite (high-titanium ores), or Kusa subtype, and titanium-magnetite proper (low-titanium ores), or Kachkanar subtype. Deposits of low-titanium titanomagnetite ores of the Kachkanar subtype, located in the western part of the Tagil zone, are undoubtedly of greatest importance for industry at present and will be in the new millennium. The most significant deposits of this group are Kachkanarskoye, Gusevogorskoye and Suroyamskoye. Mineralization is associated with various types of rocks: at Visimskoye and in certain zones of the Gusevogorskoye deposit - with the most magnesian varieties of ultrabasic (low-silica) rocks - olivinites and wehrlites, in such deposits as Kachkanarskoye, Gusevogorskoye and others - with pyroxenites, at Pervouralskoye and Mayurovskoye - with the Hornblendites. Ore minerals are mainly represented by magnetite and ilmenite; hematite and sulfides are present in minor quantities, and scattered platinum is found. The ores also contain other alloying elements that may be of industrial interest in the future (scandium, germanium), as well as platinum group elements. The share of low-titanium ores in the total balance of iron ores in the Urals accounts for more than 80%. Their largest representative is the Kachkanar group, which includes the Kachkanar and Gusevogorskoye deposits themselves, located in the Kachkanar massif. Huge reserves and favorable geological, mining and technological conditions for their development are prerequisites for the fact that in the near future they will become the main iron ore base of the ferrous metallurgy of the Urals. Skarn-magnetite deposits are the main raw material base for the mining and metallurgical industries of the Urals. The largest deposits are concentrated in two geological-structural zones: Tagilo-Magnitogorsk - Goroblagodatskoye, North Goroblagodatskoye, Vysokogorskoye, Estyuninskoye, Magnitogorskoye, Maly Kuibas and East Ural - Petrovskoye, Glubochenskoye, Aleshinskoye, Kacharskoye, Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskaya group. The skarn-magnetite ores of the Urals, together with titanomagnetite ores, serve as the main raw material base for the metallurgical enterprises of the Urals. The complex composition of skarn sulfide-magnetite (Cu, Co, Zn, partly Au, Ag) and titanomagnetite ores (Ti, V, partly Sc and platinum group metals), the improvement of old and the introduction of new enrichment technologies in the future should undoubtedly contribute to increasing the efficiency of iron ore mines. mining and processing enterprises of the Urals. Thus, according to the estimates of employees of the Uralmekhanobr Institute (S.P. Doylidova, I.I. Ruchkina, V.A. Zubkov), the total cost of associated elements (Co, Cu, Au, Ag and S) in skarn sulfide-containing ores of some Tagilo deposits -Kushvinsky ore district accounts for more than half the value of iron in these ores. At the same time, due to long-term and intensive exploitation, especially in the war and post-war decades, the reserves of skarn magnetite ores have greatly decreased: almost all of the largest deposits in the Middle and Southern Urals - Goroblagodatskoye, Vysokogorskoye and Magnitogorskoye - are in the final stage of development. The situation with reserve reserves was also greatly complicated due to the collapse of the USSR, as a result of which the main group of the largest developed skarn magnetite deposits in the country and in the world, the Sokolovsko-Sarbai group and Kacharskoe, went to Kazakhstan. There are very large reserves of skarn ores in the Kurgan region, but they lie at great depths (470–1500 m) and are unlikely to be exploited in the near future. The most realistic directions for increasing ore reserves in economically developed areas seem to be additional exploration and search for ores on deep horizons and flanks of known deposits. Industrial deposits of siderite are known in the west of the Chelyabinsk region - Bakalsky in the Satka region and Akhtenskoye in the Kusinsky region. They are located in the Central Ural structural-geological zone in the northern part of the Bashkir meganticlinorium. Siderite deposits belong to the hydrothermal-metasomatic class and occur in carbonate rocks. The Bakal group of siderite deposits is the largest in the world for this class. Iron ores of the Bakal deposits are represented by two types: epigenetic siderite deposits and brown iron ores of siderite oxidation zones. The deposits have been developed for about 240 years and high-quality brown-iron ores have been largely worked out. Siderite reserves amount to about 1 billion tons, which allows us to consider the Bakal deposits as unique. In the ore field with an area of ​​150 km2, more than 20 deposits are known, containing about 200 ore bodies. Currently, there are three mines that extract siderite ore by open-pit mining: Novobakalsky, Irkuskan, Shuydinsky (the latter also produces the remains of high-quality hematite-hydrogethite ores - turyites) and the Sideritovaya mine. In total, during the operation of the Bakal mines in the 20th century, 105,647 thousand tons of siderites and 130,464 thousand tons of brown-iron ores were mined, i.e. in total more than 236 million tons of iron ore (N.V. Grinshtein, 1997). In Bakala there is a sinter plant producing sinter from a mixture of siderite and brown iron ore. The prospects for the development of the Bakal deposits should be determined by the integrated use of the natural resources of the ore region. The Akhtenskoye field is located 30 km east of the city of Kusa. It is confined to the dolomites of the Lower Kusinsky subformation of the Satka formation. Contiguous sheet-like and lens-shaped deposits form a steeply dipping zone up to 2 km long and up to 100 m thick; they have been traced to a depth of up to 400 m. Siderite contains an isomorphic admixture of magnesium (at least 4%) and is characterized by a high quartz content (on average 14%). The deposit's reserves amounted to 10 million tons. They were half mined by open-pit mining. Deposits of ferruginous quartzites. Industrial deposits (according to modern requirements) are known in the Taratash block, located in the Central Ural zone, northwest of the city of Zlatoust. The Taratash group includes Kuvatalskoye, Radostnoe, Magnitny Klyuch, Zapadno-Lysogorskoye and Shigirskoye deposits of ferruginous quartzites. Until 1917, ores from these deposits were mined and supplied to the Ufaleysky and Kyshtym metallurgical plants. Ferrous quartzites of the Taratash deposits occur in the lower part of the Taratash Formation, composed of quartzites, gneisses, and amphibolites. Ore bodies have a sheet and lens shape. They are formed mainly by magnetite, quartz, pyroxene with a small amount of hornblende, garnet, and apatite. The iron content in ores is 30-35%. The largest of them is the Kuvatalskoye field, located in the northeastern part of the Taratash block. The ore bodies occur in accordance with the banding of the host rocks. They are torn into several parts (blocks) by faults and displaced relative to each other. The largest ore body was traced along the strike for 1800 m, along the dip - for 850 m with a maximum thickness of 60 m. The ore bodies of the deposit were traced by wells to a depth of 1000 m. Approximate ore reserves to the indicated depth are estimated at 270 million tons. The Radostnoe deposit, located 15 km southwest of Kuvatalskoye, was mined in an open pit in the late 80s. XX century. Other fields of the Taratash group are not exploited. Brown iron ore deposits. Among other types of iron ore deposits, which in the future may become one of the important sources of iron due to their large reserves (up to 10 billion tons), exogenous iron ores should be noted. Among them, two subtypes are distinguished: residual and sedimentary. The first subtype includes brown iron ores of the Serov ore region in the Middle Urals and the Orsko-Khalilovsky in the Southern Urals, associated with Mesozoic weathering crusts of ultrabasic rocks. Therefore, they contain high amounts of Cr, Ni and Co and are thus naturally alloyed ores. According to V.I. Leshchikova, the Serovskoye deposit with ore reserves of 770 million tons with an average content of Fe–36.64, Cr–1.70, Ni–0.21 and predicted resources of 900 million tons to a depth of 150 m is quite suitable for open-pit mining. The second subtype, or oolitic iron ore formation, includes very large deposits with multi-billion-dollar (up to 10 billion tons) reserves of brown iron ores in the Kustanai Trans-Urals. Among the iron ore deposits of the western slope of the Southern Urals in the territory of Bashkortostan, a large group of small infiltration-residual brown iron ore deposits, occurring in the weathering crust of terrigenous-carbonate strata of the Upper Proterozoic, deserves attention. The deposits were intensively developed back in the 19th century, but by the middle of the 20th century, the exploitation of most of them was discontinued. The Zigazino-Komarovsky, Avzyansky, Inzersky and Lapyshtinsky iron ore districts, in which more than 30 deposits are located, stand out here. Iron ores of the deposits are characterized by a relatively simple and uniform material composition, represented mainly by iron hydroxides with a slight admixture of manganese oxides and hydroxides; Some deposits contain iron and copper sulfides - pyrite and chalcopyrite, and at the deepest horizons (more than 100 m) thin layers of siderites are also found. The largest is the Tukanskoye deposit, the ore zones of which, consisting of five ore layers, extend along the strike from hundreds of meters to 3 km or more with a thickness of 1 to 10 m. It should be noted that due to the geological conditions of the placement of iron ores of this type, According to modern estimates, there are no special prospects for the discovery of new industrial deposits. In conclusion, it should be said that the experience of studying the patterns of location of iron ore deposits in the Urals and the analysis of the state of the iron ore raw material base of the Urals as a whole indicate that in the Urals there are prospects for discovering new objects at shallow depths (up to 200m), i.e., shallow large deposits of fusible materials and easily beneficiated skarn iron ores are very limited; The predicted resources of these ores are associated with great depths (from 200 to 2000 m). Therefore, titanomagnetite deposits of high-titanium and especially low-titanium ores, characterized by large reserves and occurrence of ores near the surface, are of greatest interest. The reserve raw material base is iron-chrome-nickel brown iron ores of the Serov deposit after the development of technology for their processing.

3. Factors influencing the location of branches of the metallurgical complex Ferrous metallurgy has the following features of the raw material base: - Raw materials are characterized by a relatively high content of useful components - 17% in siderite ores to 53-55% in magnetite iron ores. Rich ores account for almost a fifth of industrial reserves, which are used, as a rule, without beneficiation. Approximately 2/3 of ores require beneficiation by a simple and 18% by a complex beneficiation method; — Diversity of raw materials in terms of species (magnetite, sulfide, oxidized, etc.), which makes it possible to use a variety of technologies and obtain metal with a wide variety of properties; — Various mining conditions (both mine and open pit, which account for up to 80% of all raw materials mined in ferrous metallurgy); — Use of ores with complex composition (phosphorus, vanadium, titanomagnetite, chromium, etc.). Moreover, more than 2/3 are magnetite, which facilitates the possibility of enrichment. The most important problem of the raw material base of ferrous metallurgy is its remoteness from the consumer. Thus, in the eastern regions of Russia most of the fuel and energy resources and raw materials for the metallurgical complex are concentrated, and their main consumption is carried out in the European part of Russia, which creates problems associated with high transport costs for transporting fuel and raw materials. The location of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends on raw materials and fuel, which account for most of the costs of iron smelting, about half of which are for coke production and 35-40% for iron ore. Currently, due to the use of poorer iron ores that require beneficiation, construction sites are located in iron ore mining areas. However, it is often necessary to transport enriched iron ore and coking coal many hundreds and even thousands of kilometers from their mining sites to metallurgical enterprises located far from raw material and fuel bases. Thus, there are three options for locating full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises, gravitating either to sources of raw materials (Ural, Center), or to sources of fuel (Kuzbass), or located between them (Cherepovets). These options determine the choice of area and construction site, the availability of water supplies and auxiliary materials. Pipe metallurgy, which includes steel smelting, steel rolling and pipe plants, specializing in the smelting of steel from cast iron, scrap metal, metallized pellets, and the production of rolled steel and pipes, is characterized by large production volumes. Pipe metallurgy plants are created in large mechanical engineering centers, where the demand for certain types of metal is quite large. Pipe metallurgy also includes steelmaking plants that produce particularly high-quality steel for various branches of mechanical engineering (tool steel, ball bearing steel, stainless steel, structural steel, etc.). A new direction in the development of ferrous metallurgy is the creation of electrometallurgical plants for the production of steel from metallized pellets obtained by direct reduction of iron, where high technical and economic indicators are achieved in comparison with traditional methods of metal production. Small metallurgy enterprises are located where there are machine-building plants. They are smelted from imported metal, scrap metal, and mechanical engineering waste. In modern conditions, scientific and technological progress has an increasing influence on the location of branches of the metallurgical complex. Its impact as a production location factor is most fully manifested when choosing areas for new construction of metallurgical enterprises. With the development of scientific and technological progress, the raw material base of metallurgy is expanding as a result of improving methods for searching and developing ore deposits, and the use of new, most effective technological production schemes for complex processing of raw materials. Ultimately, the number of options for locating enterprises is increasing, and the locations of their construction are being determined in a new way. Scientific and technological progress is an important factor not only in the rational placement of production, but also in the intensification of branches of the metallurgical complex. The transport factor plays a significant role in the location of metallurgical enterprises. This is primarily due to cost savings in the process of transporting raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products and finished products. The transport factor largely determines the location of enterprises for the production of concentrates and for servicing the main production with fuel. Their placement is influenced by the provision of the territory (region), primarily with automobile, pipeline (fuel supply) and electronic transport (electricity supply). The presence of railways in the region is no less important, since the products of the metallurgical complex are very large-scale. The location of the metallurgical industry is influenced by the development of infrastructure, namely the provision of the region with industrial and social infrastructure facilities, and the level of their development. As a rule, regions with a higher level of infrastructure development are the most attractive when locating metallurgical enterprises, since there is no need to build new, additional power supply, water supply, transport communications, and social institutions.

4. Development program for the metallurgical base of the Urals In the Urals, the metallurgical complex is represented by eleven enterprises working on local and imported raw materials. Pig iron production in the Urals in 2005 is projected to range from 16.4 million tons to 20 million tons, which will require processing from 28.5 million tons to 34.9 million tons of marketable iron ore per year. As of January 1, 1996, the production capacity of commercial iron ore in the Urals amounted to 16.4 million tons per year, which provides up to 50% of the needs of metallurgy. An analysis of the state of the Urals raw material base shows that if activities are financed only from our own funds, in 2005 the capacity for commercial ore will be 9.5 million tons (a decrease of 42%) and will provide only about 25% of the needs of the metallurgical complex. Providing financing for investment programs of iron ore enterprises in the required volume will make it possible to ensure the production of commercial iron ore at the level of 22 million tons in 2005, which will amount to 63% of the demand. Among the largest problems that need to be solved through investments in mining enterprises of the Ural region, the following can be identified: - reconstruction of the Estyuninskaya mine of Vysokogorsky Mining and Processing Plant JSC with the commissioning of a new section of the deposit and an increase in mine capacity from 1.2 million tons to 3.0 million tons in 2005 will make it possible to compensate for the withdrawal of capacity from the Magnetitovaya and Exploitation mines; — reconstruction of the Severo-Peschanskaya mine for selective mining of iron-copper ore at JSC Bogoslovskoye RU will increase the production capacity of commercial iron ore by 16% by 2005. For metallurgical enterprises of the Southern Urals, the most relevant is the involvement of local iron ore deposits in the industrial exploitation. First of all, it is planned to develop deposits with approved reserves and at the same time geological study of promising deposits and ore occurrences. To develop its own raw material base, Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works JSC plans to carry out: - construction of an underground mine at the Maly Kuibas deposit with a capacity of 2.5 million tons of raw ore; — construction of an underground mine at the Podotvalnoye deposit with a capacity of 800 thousand tons of raw ore; — construction of a quarry at the Lednyansko-Polevoye deposit with a capacity of 1.5 million tons of raw ore. To replenish the retiring capacity at the Tukanskoye and Verkhne-Karadinskoye deposits of the Tukansky ore mining department of Beloretsk Metallurgical Plant JSC, it is planned to open and prepare the Naratai and Northern Naratai deposits of the Zigazino-Komaro iron ore district with a capacity of 500 thousand tons of ore. Increasing the competitiveness of iron ore raw materials. The main directions of reconstruction and technical re-equipment in the preparation of iron ore raw materials for metallurgical processing include improving the quality of commercial iron ore, producing new progressive types of products that ensure the competitiveness of raw materials on the world market, significantly reducing energy costs, improving the environmental situation, as well as incidental extraction of valuable components from enrichment waste . It is planned to introduce new, more productive equipment, highly efficient technological processes that meet modern world-class requirements, and their automation. A significant increase in the quality of iron ore raw materials can be expected with the development of new technologies for the extraction of high-grade iron ores of the KMA, both by the underground method at JSC Yakovlevskoye Mining Administration, and by the method of borehole hydraulic mining at JSC Belgorod Mining and Processing Plant. The federal target program “Ore” plans to carry out the reconstruction of almost all crushing and processing plants, depending on the condition of process equipment, buildings and structures (their degree of moral and physical deterioration). It is planned to introduce new technological processes, including at: - JSC Kovdor Mining and Processing Plant - flotation of iron ore concentrate, which will increase the iron content from 64 to 65% and remove harmful impurities (sulfur); — JSC Mikhailovsky GOK – dry magnetic separation, which will improve the quality of iron ore concentrate, reduce the costs of its production and ensure the production of 2.2 million tons of crushed stone; — JSC “Bakalskoye RU” – a relatively cheap and simple enrichment scheme in heavy suspensions; — JSC “Kachkanarsky GOK” – transportation of thickened enrichment tailings using high-pressure slurry pumps, which will allow annual savings of 35–40 million kW. h of electricity. At a number of enterprises, along with improving the quality of iron ore concentrate, it is planned to extract useful components along the way, including at: - JSC "Kovdorsky GOK" - additional production involving the processing of previously stored apatite enrichment waste (400 thousand tons per year) and baddeleyite (1700 t per year) con - increasing the iron content from 60 to 68% and production of copper con - production of copper concentrate (11 thousand tons per year); — Olkon JSC – production of ferrite and ferrite-strontium powders and magnets for electrical, radio engineering and other industries; — JSC Kachkanarsky GOK Vanadium – extraction of scandium oxide from the waste tailings of the enrichment plant for ultra-strong scandium-aluminum alloys (automotive, aerospace, defense industries). All sintering plants, due to significant wear and tear of both technological equipment and buildings, are subject to significant reconstruction in accordance with modern requirements for sinter quality, ecology and energy intensity (Mundybashskaya AOF, Vysokogorsky GOK JSC, Kachkanarsky GOK Vanadium JSC, JSC "Goroblagodarskoe RU"). A significant economic effect is expected to be obtained in pelletizing production both through the introduction (for the first time in the country) of the production of metallized briquettes at Lebedinsky GOK JSC, which allows the use of raw materials directly in steel production (instead of scrap), and during the construction of a third roasting machine at Mikhailovsky JSC GOK", the development of which is carried out by Uralmash JSC. The machine belongs to a new generation and is distinguished by a modern thermal design that allows reducing energy costs by 2-2.5 times and significantly reducing emissions into the atmosphere while improving the quality of pellets. The total cost of investment programs aimed at increasing the competitiveness of iron ore enterprises' products is 8,120 billion rubles. Their implementation will ensure: - an increase in the iron content in marketable ore by 0.3-0.4%, including in concentrate by 0.5%; — an increase in the iron content in pellets, taking into account the production of pellets for metallization at JSC Lebedinsky GOK by at least 1%, and taking into account the production of metallized briquettes - by 4%; — reduction in specific energy consumption for the production of iron ore products by 5-7% and specific energy costs in the production of pellets by 2-2.5 times; — reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere by 2-3 times.

5. The influence of the metallurgical complex on the environment At the current stage of development of the national economy, the environmental situation in many regions of Russia has sharply worsened, which cannot but be taken into account in the process of locating metallurgical enterprises, which have a strong impact on the environment and natural resource management, being major polluters of the atmosphere, water bodies, forests, lands. Given current production volumes, this impact is quite noticeable. It is known that the higher the level of environmental pollution, the greater the cost of preventing pollution. A further increase in these costs can ultimately lead to unprofitability of any production. Ferrous metallurgy enterprises account for 20-25% of dust emissions, 25-30% of carbon monoxide, and more than half of sulfur oxides of their total volume in the country. These emissions contain hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, hydrocarbons, compounds of manganese, vanadium, chromium, etc. (more than 60 ingredients). Ferrous metallurgy enterprises, in addition, take up to 20-25% of the total water consumption in industry and heavily pollute surface waters. Taking into account the environmental factor when locating metallurgical production is an objective necessity in the development of society. In the process of justifying the location of metallurgical enterprises, it is necessary to take into account the whole range of factors that contribute to the organization of more efficient production in a particular territory, i.e. their combined interaction on production processes and the life of the population in the regions.

Conclusion Metallurgy is not just an industry, but, without exaggeration, one of the foundations of human civilization. For centuries, metallurgy has determined the economic and defense potential of any country, its place in the global community of nations. It is no coincidence that Peter's reforms, which made Russia a great European power, began precisely with a qualitative leap in the development of the metallurgical industry. The Ural region, which has been rightfully considered the main metallurgical base of Russia for almost three centuries, played a special role in this. Such giants as the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, N, the largest pipe-rolling plants, the flagships of non-ferrous metallurgy, such as Uralelectromed, the Ural and Bogoslovsky aluminum smelters and dozens of other enterprises were and remain the personification of the country’s industrial power. Despite its thousand-year history, metallurgy has not lost its importance in the era of the scientific and technological revolution. Today the industry is one of the engines of economic growth and technological progress. Without the successful operation of the metallurgical complex, we will not be able to solve the task of doubling the country's GDP, set by the President of Russia in his Address to the Federal Assembly. In this regard, I would like to note the achievements of metallurgists of the Ural Federal District. Despite the difficulties of the last decade, most enterprises in the industry were able to maintain production and personnel potential, adapt to new economic conditions, and achieve significant success in developing the Russian and world markets. I am convinced that in the future, Ural metallurgists will be able to maintain and strengthen their leading positions on a national scale, making a worthy contribution to the growth of industry in the Urals Federal District!

Literature 1. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook. A manual for universities / Edited by T.G. Morozova. – 2nd ed. – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2001.- 471 p. 2. Economic geography: V.P. Zheltikov, N.G. Kuznetsov. Series "Textbooks and teaching aids". Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2002. — 384 p. 3. www.eurasmet.ru/ “Metals of Eurasia” Article No. 5 2004 Economy is the backbone of the Russian state. 4. www.uralinform.ru/ “Ural Information Bureau” The raw material base is the Achilles heel of the Ural metallurgy. 5. www.igd.uran.ru/Institute of Mining, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg. Geographical and geological aspects of ore deposits of the Urals.

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Importance of Iron and Steel Industry

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the most important industries. Its enterprises serve as the basis for the development of mechanical engineering, metalworking, construction, and are widely used in all sectors of the economy.

Ferrous metallurgy includes the extraction of ferrous metals, the processes of their beneficiation and agglomeration, the production of refractories, the extraction of non-metallic raw materials necessary for metallurgical processing (production of cast iron, steel, rolled products and ferroalloys), the production of industrial hardware and secondary processing of ferrous metals. Thus, the metallurgical process itself is provided by a number of related and auxiliary industries necessary for the normal functioning of all production links in the process of obtaining ferrous metals.

The first important and oldest branch of specialization is ferrous metallurgy, which arose in the Urals at the end of the 17th century. This is one of the largest metallurgical bases in Russia. Nowadays it is represented by the Magnitogorsk and Nizhny Tagil plants. Chelyabinsk and Orsko-Khalilovsky (in Novotroitsk). In addition to these giants, small factories also operate in the Urals. Metallurgical enterprises use local iron ore and imported ones (mainly from the Sokolovsko-Sarbayskoye deposit of the Kustanai I region of Kazakhstan and partly from the KMA), and coking coal is brought from the Kuznetsk and Karaganda (Kazakhstan) basins.

The basis of the industry of the Urals is the metallurgical complex.

The ferrous metallurgy of the Ural economic region is represented by all stages of production, from mining and beneficiation of iron ores to the smelting of cast iron, steel and rolled products.

The Urals are distinguished by a high level of concentration and combination of ferrous metal production. The main type of enterprises is full cycle, producing cast iron, steel and rolled products. The largest of them - Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Orsko-Khalilovsky (Novotroitsk) plants and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant - produce almost 80% of the pig iron and 70% of the steel smelted in the region. Other full-cycle enterprises are located in Chusovoy, Serov, Alapaevsk, Beloretsk and other centers.

The high concentration of metallurgical production also has extremely negative consequences: a sharp deterioration of the environmental situation, problems of water supply, population settlement, transport, etc. Therefore, further expansion of the capacity of metallurgical enterprises is inappropriate, especially in the Southern Urals, where the main production is currently concentrated and there is a lack of water resources .

Ferrous metals include iron, manganese, and chromium. All the rest are colored.

Ferrous metallurgy covers the entire process from the extraction and preparation of raw materials, fuel, and auxiliary materials to the production of rolled products with products for further processing.

The importance of ferrous metallurgy lies in the fact that it serves as the basis for the development of mechanical engineering (one third of the metal produced goes into mechanical engineering), construction (1/4 of the metal goes into construction). In addition, ferrous metallurgy products are of export importance.

The iron and steel industry includes the following main sub-sectors:

1. extraction and enrichment of ore raw materials for ferrous metallurgy (iron, manganese and chromite ores);
2. extraction and enrichment of non-metallic raw materials for ferrous metallurgy (fluxing limestone, refractory clay, etc.);
3. production of ferrous metals (cast iron, steel, rolled products, blast furnace ferroalloys, ferrous metal powders);
4. production of steel and cast iron pipes;
5. coke industry (production of coke, coke oven gas, etc.);
6. secondary processing of ferrous metals (cutting scrap and ferrous metal waste).

The actual metallurgical cycle is the production of cast iron, steel and rolled products. Enterprises producing cast iron, steel and rolled products are classified as full-cycle metallurgical enterprises.

Enterprises without iron smelting are classified as so-called pigment metallurgy. “Small metallurgy” is the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants. The main type of ferrous metallurgy enterprises are combines.

Raw materials and fuel play an important role in the deployment of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy, and the role of combinations of iron ores and coking coals is especially important. A feature of the location of industries is their territorial discrepancy, since iron ore reserves are concentrated mainly in the European part, and fuel reserves are mainly in the eastern regions of Russia. Combines are created near raw materials (Ural) or fuel bases (Kuzbass), and sometimes between them (Cherepovets). When placing, the provision of water, electricity, and natural gas is also taken into account.

Ferrous metallurgy is a basic branch of heavy industry, which includes the mining of iron ore, smelting of iron and steel, production of rolled products of various profiles and alloys of iron with other metals (ferroalloys).

Ferrous metallurgy products are the basis for the development of mechanical engineering and metalworking, construction and other sectors of the national economy. In the locations of large metallurgy enterprises, enterprises of a number of other industries are concentrated - energy, coke, chemical, mechanical engineering, production of building materials, etc. The creation of heavy industry enterprises, in turn, causes intensive transport construction, leading to the emergence of large cities and industrial centers. The location of ferrous metallurgy centers is influenced by the following factors: the availability of the necessary raw materials and fuel and energy base, water resources and labor. Most enterprises in this industry are combines, which allows for the continuity of the stages of metallurgical production, reducing the duration of the metal production cycle, reducing transportation costs, and using production waste. Full-cycle metallurgical plants include all stages of ferrous metal production: iron and steel smelting and rolled products production. Modern enterprises produce more than a thousand types of rolled products (steel sheets, rails, beams, etc.). Ferrous metallurgy is a material-intensive production (smelting 1 ton of pig iron in a blast furnace requires 6 tons of raw materials, fuel and other materials). The main type of raw material is iron ore. In addition, the production of cast iron uses coke, limestone, manganese ore, refractories are needed, and when smelting high-quality steel, alloying metals (tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, chromium, etc.) are also needed. Natural gas is used as fuel. Dry steel production requires large amounts of electricity. Our country is practically provided with raw materials for ferrous metallurgy (except for manganese ores, which we bought in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Georgia). Iron ore is mined at the deposits of the Kursk magnetic anomaly - KMA (40% of all iron ores of the CIS countries), the Urals (Kachkanarskoye, etc.), Karelia (Kostomuksha), the Kola Peninsula (Olenegorskoye and Kovdorskoye), Siberia (in Mountain Shoria, Abakanskoye, Angaro-Pitsky and Angaro-Ilimsky fields, including Korshunovskoye) and in the Far East (Kimkanskoye, etc.). Coking coals are supplied to full-cycle metallurgical enterprises from Kuzbass and the Pechora coal basin. Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Georgia are rich in manganese ores. Our country now has to master and develop its resources. 2/3 of Russia's manganese ores are concentrated in a deposit near the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky in Kuzbass. In 1913, Russia was in fifth place in the world in the extraction of iron ore and the production of ferrous metals (after the USA, Germany, England and France). However, over several years of general economic downturn, the production of ferrous metals fell noticeably. In 1995, 39.8 million tons of pig iron and 51.6 million tons of steel were smelted in Russia. Nevertheless, Russia ranks fourth in the world in steel production after China (more than 100 million tons), Japan and the USA. Since the smelting of ferrous metals is a material-intensive production, full-cycle metallurgical plants are located mainly in areas where iron ore or coking coal is mined, or between them (the raw material factor for production location). A significant amount of steel is currently smelted from scrap metal (a cheaper and higher quality method of steel smelting is 12-15 times cheaper than from iron ore). This is electric steel melting. Metallurgical enterprises operating on this type of raw material belong to the so-called pigment metallurgy. Typically, such factories are located in large centers of the mechanical engineering industry (consumer factor for production location). Metallurgical enterprises producing special grades of steel and ferroalloys consume large amounts of electricity and are therefore located not only near sources of raw materials, but also in areas where cheap electricity is produced.

As part of the ferrous metallurgy, a prominent place is occupied by the pipe rolling industry (Pervouralsk and Chelyabinsk) and the production of ferroalloys (Chelyabinsk and Serov).

Structure and location of leading sectors of the economy

Industry plays a leading role in the structure of the economic complex of the Ural economic region.

The fuel and energy complex ensures the functioning of all sectors of the economy. Its development is especially important in the Urals, where many heat and energy-intensive industries are concentrated. The Urals are among the regions with a low supply of fuel and energy resources.

The traditional industry for the Urals is the coal industry, but coal deposits are being depleted, mines and quarries are closing.

Domestic coal mining is more expensive than using imported coal; Both coking coals and thermal coals (from Kuzbass) are imported.

Currently, oil and gas production is of great importance, which, however, does not cover the needs of the Ural economic region. On the basis of the Orenburg gas condensate field, the Orenburg TPK was formed, from where gas is supplied to the central regions of Russia and for export.

A powerful oil refining industry has been created, the largest oil refining plants are located in Ufa, Salovat, and Perm.

The United Ural Energy System is one of the largest in the country, its basis is thermal power generation based on coal and natural and associated gas. It is represented by Reftinskaya (3.8 million kW), Troitskaya (2.5 million kW), Iriklinskaya (2.4 million kW), Yuzhno-Uralskaya GRES, etc.

Hydropower is also developed - the largest hydroelectric power stations were built on the Kama: Votkinskaya and Kama; There are several smaller hydroelectric power plants. In the Urals there is the Beloyarskaya nuclear power plant with a powerful fast neutron reactor. Further strengthening of the energy base of the Ural economic region is associated with the commissioning of the Perm State District Power Plant (4.8 million kW) under construction, the expansion of the Reftinskaya State District Power Plant, and the construction of the Bashkir and South Ural Nuclear Power Plants.

Electricity will also be supplied via the Ekibastus-Ural power transmission line (from Kazakhstan), and in the future from Western Siberia and the Kansk-Achinsk TPK.

To supply coal to power plants in the Urals, a 2,400 km long Kuzbass-Ural coal pipeline project is being developed.

The ferrous metallurgy of the Ural economic region is represented by all stages of production, from the extraction and enrichment of iron ore to the smelting of cast iron, steel and rolled products. This is one of the most important sectors of the region's market specialization. In the structure of fixed assets of the Urals, the share of ferrous metallurgy accounts for approximately 1/3.

As already noted, the Urals does not cover its needs for iron ore with its own production; ores are additionally imported from the Kursk magnetic anomaly, from the Kola Peninsula (at a distance of 3000–3500 km), as well as from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskie), which is much closer. However, the problem of supplying the metallurgy of the Urals with iron ore raw materials is complicated by the transition of the Karaganda Metallurgical Plant (Kazakhstan) to supply from the Sokolovsko-Sarbaisky Mining and Processing Plant. Therefore, the task is to more fully develop our own iron ore resources. On the basis of the Kachkanar group of deposits, one Kachkanar mining and processing plant operates, and a second one is being built. The production of Bakal and Orsko-Khalilovsky ores is increasing; in the future, ores located at significant depths will be mined (Serovskoye, Glubochevskoye and other deposits).

Great importance is also attached to the intensification of geological prospecting work in the north of the Ural Mountains. Manganese ores have not yet been mined in the Urals, although their reserves are quite significant - 41.3 million tons (North Ural manganese basin in the Sverdlovsk region). Until recently, ferromanganese and silicomanganese were supplied from Ukraine, and commercial ore from Kazakhstan. The Urals also have reserves of chromite ores (Saranovsk group of deposits), but they are used for the production of refractories due to the low content of chromium oxide and high silicon content. Chromites from Kazakhstan are used to smelt ferrochrome.

There are no coking coals in the region, so the technological fuel is imported and comes from the Kuznetsk coal basin.

In order to reduce the needs of the Urals for coking coal, it is planned to use new technologies more widely: use natural and associated gas, non-coking coal, etc.

The Urals are distinguished by a high level of concentration and combination of ferrous metal production. The main type of enterprises are full-cycle enterprises producing cast iron, steel and rolled products. The largest of them - Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Orsko-Khalilovsky (Novotroitsk) plants and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant - produce almost 80% of the cast iron and 70% of the steel mined in the region. Other full-cycle enterprises are located in Chusovoy, Serov, Alapaevsk, Beloretsk and other centers.

Pipe metallurgy is also significantly developed in the Urals, mainly at old factories, which dominate in number in the region. Ferroalloys are also produced, both blast furnace (Chusovoy) and electrothermally smelted (Chelyabinsk), and rolled pipes (Pervouralsk, Chelyabinsk). Only in the Urals there is smelting of naturally alloyed metals (Novotroitsk). The metal produced by Ural enterprises is of high quality and relatively low cost.

The high concentration of metallurgical production has, in addition to positive aspects (reduced production costs, etc.), also extremely negative consequences: a sharp deterioration of the environmental situation, problems of water supply, population settlement, transport, etc. Therefore, further increasing the capacity of metallurgical enterprises is inappropriate, especially in the southern Urals, which is suffering from the lack of water resources, where the main production is currently concentrated.

An important direction for the further development of ferrous metallurgy in the Urals is the technical re-equipment of existing enterprises and the accelerated implementation of scientific and technical progress achievements. The construction of oxygen-converter shops is underway at the Magnitogorsk and Nizhny Tagil plants, electric steelmaking plants with continuous casting machines at the Orsko-Khalilovsky plant, the Chelyabinsk, Serov, and Alapaevsk plants. All pipe factories are being reconstructed.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is also a sector of market specialization in the Ural economic region; it has a very high level of development and is represented by the production of copper, zinc, and nickel.

The leading place is occupied by the copper industry, the raw material base of which is copper pyrite ores located along the eastern slope of the Urals. Mining is carried out mainly in the Southern Urals.

In the near future, the exploitation of deposits of high-quality copper ores will begin in the northern Urals (in the Ivdel region), characterized by a high content of main and associated components and a low content of harmful impurities; open-pit mining is possible. Enterprises for smelting blister copper are concentrated in ore mining areas: Krasnouralsk, Kirovgrad, Revda, Karabash, Mednogorsk. The next stage of copper processing - its refining - is carried out at electrolytic plants in Kyshtym and Verkhnyaya Pyshma. When smelting copper, waste is generated that is used in the chemical industry: for the production of sulfuric acid, superphosphate (for example, at the Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant). Since copper ores are usually multicomponent and contain, in addition to copper, zinc, gold, cadmium, selenium and other elements (up to 25), copper plants produce other metals or their concentrates in addition to copper.

In the Urals, nickel ores are mined and enriched, nickel metal and metal products are smelted. Nickel production is concentrated in ore mining areas: in the Southern Trans-Urals (Orsk), Ufaleysky region. The new mining and metallurgical plant was built on the basis of the Buruktal deposit. In addition to nickel, it includes the production of cobalt and iron concentrate, and it utilizes waste for chemical purposes.

The aluminum industry of the Urals is supplied with its own raw materials. Aluminum smelters: Bogoslovsky (Krasnoturinsk), Uralsky (Kamensk-Uralsky), etc. Further development of the aluminum industry in the Urals is associated with strengthening its energy base, since the smelting of aluminum metal is a very energy-intensive production.

The production of titanium and magnesium is also energy-intensive. In the Urals it is represented by the Bereznikovsky titanium-magnesium plant and the Solikamsk magnesium plant, which are based on carnallites of the Verkhnekamsk salt-bearing basin.

For the production of zinc in the Ural economic region, both local raw materials, represented by copper-zinc ores, and imported concentrates are used. A major center of the zinc industry is Chelyabinsk.

Mechanical engineering in the Urals is a large branch of its market specialization and occupies a leading place in the structure of industrial production of the Ural economic region. Currently, there are almost 150 mechanical engineering enterprises operating in the region, representing all sub-sectors of mechanical engineering. The following industries are developed here: heavy engineering (production of mining and metallurgical equipment, chemical and petrochemical equipment), energy (production of turbines, steam boilers, etc.), transport, agricultural engineering, and tractor manufacturing. Electrical engineering, instrument making, and machine tool manufacturing are developing most rapidly.

Many industries are metal-intensive, so mechanical engineering closely interacts with metallurgy. The main centers of heavy engineering: Yekaterinburg (Uralmash, Uralkhimmash, Uralelectrotyazhmash, drilling and metallurgical equipment plants, etc.), Orsk (equipment for metallurgy and the mining industry), Perm (mining mechanical engineering), Ufa (mining equipment plant ), Karpinsk (production and repair of mining equipment), etc. Equipment for the oil and gas industry is produced in Salavat, Buzuluk, Troitsk, etc.

The Urals are not only a metallurgical base for heavy engineering, but also a major consumer of its products.

The leading center for turbine production is Yekaterinburg. Agricultural engineering and tractor manufacturing is developed in Chelyabinsk (tractor plant, production of tractor trailers, etc.), in Kurgan (Kurganselmash), Orsk and other cities.

Transport engineering is represented by carriage building (Nizhny Tagil, Ust-Katav), production of passenger cars (Izhevsk) and heavy-duty (Miass) cars, buses (Kurgan), motorcycles (Izhevsk, Irbit), shipbuilding (Perm), ship repair (Solikamsk). Instrument making, machine tool manufacturing, and electrical industry enterprises operate in many industrial centers of the Urals: Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, Kurgan, Orenburg, etc.

The mechanical engineering industry of the Ural economic region, as well as the entire industry, is characterized by excessive concentration in large cities, insufficient specialization, universalism of many enterprises, dispersal of auxiliary and repair industries, slow implementation of scientific and technological advances, and preservation of old equipment and technology.

The chemical industry, a branch of market specialization in the Urals, has a powerful raw material base, using oil, associated petroleum gases, coal, salts, sulfur pyrites, waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, and the forestry industry. The Ural economic region is one of the leading regions in the country in the development of the chemical industry, which is represented here by all the most important productions: mineral fertilizers, synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber, soda, sulfuric acid, etc.

The Urals is also a major consumer of chemical industry products.

Of greatest importance is the production of mineral fertilizers, among which potassium fertilizers stand out. Potash fertilizers are produced in the area where raw materials are mined (Verkhnekamsk salt-bearing basin). The main centers are located in the Perm region (Berezniki, Solikamsk).

Enterprises for the production of nitrogen fertilizers are located in the coal and salt mining area - in Berezniki, and operate in conjunction with metallurgical plants (using coke oven gas) - in Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil; in the area of ​​oil refining (its waste is used) - in Salavat.

Phosphate fertilizers are produced in Perm and Krasnouralsk based on imported Khibiny apatites.

Sulfuric acid is used in the production of mineral fertilizers. The sulfuric acid industry of the Urals is based both on fossil raw materials (sulfur pyrites) and on waste from non-ferrous metallurgy (Revda, Kirovgrad) and other industries.

The soda industry is close to deposits of table salt, and is also combined with the production of potash fertilizers in the presence of limestone and coal. The main centers in the Urals are Berezniki and Sterlitamak.

The chemistry of organic synthesis is represented by the production of synthetic resins and plastics (Ekaterinburg, Ufa, Salavat, Nizhny Tagil), synthetic rubber (Sterlitamak, Tchaikovsky), tires (Ekaterinburg) and other products. This industry uses both local and Western Siberian oil and gas.

Petrochemical enterprises can be combined with oil refining, or they can be independent: Permnefteorgsintez, Salavatnefteorgsintez, etc.

The chemical industry has problems typical for the Urals:

1. excessive concentration of production;
2. lack of water;
3. shortage of fuel and energy resources.

The timber industry, a branch of market specialization in the Ural economic region, operates on its own raw material base and is represented by all stages of production, from timber harvesting to the release of final products (paper, matches, plywood, furniture, house building, etc.). Chemical processing of wood and its waste has been developed.

The most important centers of the forestry and woodworking industries are located in the Perm and Sverdlovsk regions (Serov, Perm, Solikamsk, etc.). Logging takes place mainly in the southern and central parts of these regions, although the main forest areas are in the north.

The pulp and paper industry of the Urals is of great importance, whose enterprises are also located in the Perm (Krasnokamsk, Krasnovishersk, Solikamsk) and Sverdlovsk (Novaya Lyalya) regions.

The main directions for further development of the forestry and pulp and paper industries: a gradual shift to the northern regions of the Urals, increasing the complexity of the use of forest resources, increasing chemical and chemical-mechanical processing of wood, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises.

The construction industry in the Urals relies on its own raw material base. This is one of the leading areas for the production of cement, which is produced both from natural raw materials and from ferrous metallurgy waste. The largest centers of the cement industry are Magnitogorsk and Yemanzhelinsk (Chelyabinsk region). The Urals also plays a significant role in the production of prefabricated reinforced concrete, panel houses, bricks, gypsum, crushed stone and other products, which are supplied to many regions of the country. Construction organizations of the Ural economic region help develop oil and gas fields in Western Siberia and build many facilities in other areas. The light industry of the Ural economic region includes leather and footwear; textile enterprises have also been built, for example the Tchaikovsky Silk Fabric Factory in the Perm Region. The clothing industry is widespread. The development of light industry in the region makes it possible to solve the problem of using female labor resources in areas where heavy industry is concentrated.

Sectors of agro-industrial production

The specialization of agriculture in the Urals is grain (spring wheat, rye, oats) and livestock products (milk, meat, wool). Agriculture is most developed in Bashkortostan and Orenburg region.

In the structure of the sown areas of the Urals, the largest share is occupied by grain crops (about 65%), as well as feed crops (over 32%). Potatoes, vegetables, fiber flax, sunflowers, and sugar beets are also grown. The share of industrial crops in crops is small - a little more than 1.5%, which is due to their high labor intensity. The main grain crops are concentrated in the Orenburg region and Bashkortostan.

The structure of agricultural production in the Urals is dominated by livestock farming: in the north – dairy cattle breeding, poultry farming, in the south of the region – meat and dairy and beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding, and the role of pig breeding is growing.

An important task facing agriculture in the Urals is increasing the yield of grain crops and livestock productivity. The food industry of the region is represented by flour mills, dairies, and meat processing plants. The meat industry plays a major role.

Transport

Transport plays a huge role in the functioning of the economic complex of the Urals. This is explained, on the one hand, by the active participation of the region in the territorial division of labor, and on the other hand, by the high level of complexity of the economy of the Urals, which is manifested in the fact that many sectors of the economy do not work in isolation, but in close interconnection with each other. Hence the high share of intra-district transportation (up to 60%).

In the Ural economic region, railway transport predominates. Railway lines cross the Urals in the main latitudinal direction; they carry out economic connections with other regions. A meridian railway was built to provide intra-district transportation. It is proposed to build the West Ural Meridial and North Ural Latitudinal Railways; the construction of second tracks is planned, since the traffic load on the roads is high.

Road transport is of great importance for intra-regional transportation of various goods.

The length and quality of paved roads are insufficient. In the future, it is planned to create new road and rail connections to the North Caucasus, Volga-Vyatka, West Siberian economic regions and Kazakhstan.

The role of pipeline transport is great; oil and gas pipelines from Western Siberia to the European part of the country and abroad pass through the Urals.

The Ural region has a variety of economic ties with many regions.

From the eastern regions, the Urals receives mainly raw materials and fuel, and supplies products from manufacturing industries. Finished products and construction materials are mainly exchanged with European regions, with exports exceeding imports.

The closest ties are with neighboring economic regions: West Siberian and Volga.

Western Siberia supplies the Urals with coke, oil, gas, and in the future - electricity, and imports mainly mechanical engineering products and building materials.

Iron ores, copper concentrates, electricity and other goods come from Kazakhstan. The Volga region receives timber and metals, exchanges chemical and mechanical engineering products with the Urals, and supplies food products.

The Urals also plays a fairly significant role in foreign trade. It supplies abroad potassium salts, metallurgical equipment, bulldozers, excavators, motorcycles, and natural gas.

Territorial organization of the economy

In the Ural economic region there are three subdistricts: Sredneuralsky (Sverdlovsk region), Western Uralsky (Bashkortostan and Udmurtia, Perm region), South Uralsky (Orenburg, Kurgan, Chelyabinsk regions).

The Sredneuralsky subdistrict specializes in metallurgy, ferrous and non-ferrous, heavy and power engineering, chemical and forestry industries. This is the most powerful industrial region of the Urals.

The Western Ural subdistrict is distinguished by its oil production and petrochemical industries, transport engineering and machine tool manufacturing.

The South Ural subdistrict is distinguished by its developed ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and tractor manufacturing. A large gas industrial industrial complex is being formed in the Orenburg region. This subdistrict occupies a leading place in the agricultural production of the Urals.

Features of the economic and geographical position of the Ural metallurgical base

The production of ferrous metals in Russia is concentrated mainly at enterprises of the three most important metallurgical bases: the Ural, Central and Siberian.

The Ural metallurgical base is the oldest in the country. Enterprises use coal from Kuzbass and iron ores (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye and Lisakovskoye deposits in the Kustanai region). The main factories are located in Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Novotroitsk. Enterprises of the Siberian base use iron ores from Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia and Angaro-Ilim deposits, as well as coal from Kuzbass. Full-cycle metallurgy is represented by the Kuznetsk and West Siberian metallurgical plants (Novokuznetsk), metallurgy - by plants in Novosiirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, etc.

Ural metallurgical base - located in the Ural region, between the old industrial regions of the European part of Russia, Siberia and Kazakhstan - at the junction of the European and Asian parts of the Russian Federation. This “neighborly” position can be assessed as favorable for the functioning and development of the entire economic complex.

The Ural Mountains are the axis of the region’s territory; they are elongated in the meridional direction. From the west they are adjacent to the outskirts of the East European Plain (Pre-Urals), from the east - the West Siberian Lowland (Trans-Urals). The folded mountains of the Urals arose in the Paleozoic; later they were washed away, destroyed and leveled.

The relief of the Urals is diversified by deeply incised river valleys. The main river of the region is the Kama, the left, most abundant tributary of the Volga.

The territory of the district due to its internal position between; Western and eastern economic zones, which have different levels of economic development and different specializations, ensure the transit of connections between them.

The initial period of industrial development of the area dates back to the beginning of the 18th century, when its economic and geographical position was not yet favorable. In subsequent years, the district's EGP improved due to the development of transport and the construction of new roads.

Transport routes pass through the Urals, crossing the entire territory of Russia from the western borders to the Pacific Ocean. The Ural metallurgical base receives raw materials and fuel from the east, and manufacturing products from the west, and also exports its products to all economic regions of the Russian Federation.

The Ural metallurgical base is one of the “historical” bases of Russia, which played an outstanding role in the development of Russian technical, especially metallurgical culture. A feature of the EGP is its position “at the junction” of the western and eastern economic zones between the resources of Siberia and Kazakhstan and the industrial and scientific potential The center is a resource area and, above all, stands out for its exceptional diversity of metallurgical resources. Among other regions of Russia, the region stands out for its pronounced industrial specialization, while the economy of the region is based on the basic branches of heavy industry; basic branches of specialization: ferrous metallurgy \within the region the oldest Ural metallurgical base in Russia was formed \about 25% of cast iron, 1\3 of steel and pipes in the CIS \1991\.

In the mid-90s. The Ural base accounted for most of the domestic production of manganese and chromite ores, about 1/5 of iron ores, about half of cast iron, steel, finished rolled products and steel pipes produced in the country, as well as most of the ferroalloys smelted in Russia. The main part of the iron ore base is mined in the Sverdlovsk region at the Kachkanar group of deposits and in the Orsko-Khalilovskaya mines, where almost all domestic chromites are mined. Manganese ores are on an extremely limited scale in the Middle Urals.

General characteristics of metallurgical bases in Russia

Most of the plants in this industry are located in the Siberian, Central and Ural regions of the country. The location of ferrous metallurgy enterprises is mainly influenced by factors such as the availability of fuel and raw materials. Unfortunately, the geographical locations of coal and ore deposits rarely coincide. Therefore, plants are usually built near the raw material or fuel base, as well as between them.

The table below presents a brief comparative description of metallurgical bases in Russia.

Central	Siberian	Ural
Ore	There are the largest deposits (Kursk magnetic anomaly)	Relatively large reserves	Enterprises are experiencing some shortage of raw materials and are forced to look for opportunities to develop new deposits
Coking coals	Imported (Donetsk, Kuznetsk)	We have our own (Kuznetsk coal basin)	Imported (from Kazakhstan)
Enterprises	Mainly full cycle (production of steel, rolled products and cast iron)	Many enterprises have been built, both full cycle and marginal metallurgy (producing only steel and rolled products)	Mostly full cycle

These are the main indicators characterizing the metallurgical bases of Russia. The Ural metallurgical base is the largest of all. Siberian - is in the development stage.

Share in the production of cast iron and rolled steel

More than 80% of the smelting of cast iron, steel, ferroalloys and most of the Ural rolled metal comes from four large metallurgical plants built during the years of socialist industry: Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk and Novotroitsk. In addition, there are a number of old, relatively small metallurgical plants in the cities of Perm, Serov, Yekaterinburg, Izhevsk, Pervouralsk, Zlatoust, Revda.

The Ural metallurgical base produces 51% of cast iron, 44% of steel, more than 43% of finished rolled products, about 3/5 of pipes, 100% of ferrochrome, significantly ahead of the Central Black Earth Region, the European North and Western Siberia. In its development, it relies on the still fully used iron ore resources, on the ore wealth of Kazakhstan and partly the KMA.

Novotroitsk "Ural Steel"

This plant is part of the Metalloinvest holding and is one of the country's largest producers of pipe blanks, strips and bridge steel. It is located in the Orenburg region and is the city-forming enterprise of the city of Novotroitsk. Its old name is the Orsko-Khalilovsky Metallurgical Plant. It was built not so long ago - in the middle of the last century.

The peculiarities of the economic and geographical position of the Ural metallurgical base are such that it is profitable to purchase part of the fuel in Kazakhstan. In particular, this applies to Ural Steel. The Novotroitsk plant is located right on the border with this state. During the collapse of the USSR, when economic ties with the former republics were interrupted, the enterprise experienced significant difficulties. Now the situation at the plant has improved somewhat.

Among other things, this company produces:

• foundry and pig iron;
• sheet and long products;
• stamped products;
• coke;
• cinder blocks;
• ammonium sulfate.

Some of the products are exported.

Major centers

Geographical location of the city

Mount Kachkanar is a mountain range with an absolute elevation of 881.5 meters. It is located in the north of the Middle Urals near the geographical border of Europe-Asia (058°42'N 59°28'E).

The landscape of the area is typical - mountain taiga with a predominance of coniferous trees: pine, spruce, fir, cedar, larch, with the least presence of deciduous trees: birch, aspen, linden, etc. The climate is temperate continental with cold winters and short warm summers. The large rivers of the Is and Vyya region belong to the Ob water system of the eastern slope of the Urals. (G. Ponomarev, History of the discovery and development of the Kachkanarskoye field)

Our city is located on the eastern slope of the central part of the Middle Urals on the right bank of the Vyya (the right tributary of the Tura River) 300 kilometers north of Yekaterinburg and 150 kilometers from the second largest city in the region - Nizhny Tagil.

History of the discovery and development of the deposit Rocky ore outcrops on Mount Kachkanar have been known to local Mansi residents since ancient times. At that time, Iron Mountain was considered sacred, and the aborigines climbed to its top to worship their pagan gods. After Ermak’s troops annexed the Middle Urals and Trans-Urals to Russia, Russian miners became interested in Kachkanar. Akinfiy Demidov traded the entire mountain with the Mansi, but this deal did not take place. Later, platinum fever “broke up” in the vicinity of Kachkanar. In pursuit of wild happiness, thousands of prospectors rushed to these remote places. The famous Kachkanar mine, owned by Count Shuvalov, was built with their hands. However, all the rich platinum placers were quickly mined, and only scientific researchers retained interest in Kachkanar. In literature, the first descriptions of Mount Kachkanar were made in 1770 by academician P. S. Pallas in the book “Travel to Various Places of the Russian State.” In subsequent years, the greatest contribution to the geological study of this area was made by A. P. Karpinsky (1869), A. A. Krasnopolsky (1890) and especially N. K. Vysotsky (1913), who published his famous monograph “Platinum deposits of the Isovsky and Nizhny Tagil region in the Urals.” However, the Kachkanar ores themselves, due to their low iron content, were of little interest to industry, and therefore detailed exploration was not carried out here for a long time. The systematic exploration of the ore deposits of Kachkanar began in 1931-32, when small exploration work was carried out here under the leadership of I.I. Malyshev, P.G. Panteleev and A.V. Peck. At the same time, research and pilot work began to be carried out on the enrichment of Kachkanar ores and agglomeration of iron-vanadium concentrate, the results of which proved the fundamental technical feasibility of mining and processing ores with low iron content. In the post-war years (1946-53), the Uralchermetrazvedka trust, with the participation of geologists V.V. Rupasova, K.D. Timokhov and M.I. Aleshin, carried out a detailed exploration of the deposits of the Kachkanar group. In 1959-66. additional exploration of the Gusevogorskoye deposit was carried out (A.F. Fadeichev and B.M. Aleshin), and from 1976-77 - additional exploration of the Sobstvenno-Kachkanarskoye deposit (I.G. Polyansky). The development of titanomagnetite ores of Mount Kachkanar began in 1957 . on the initiative of a group of leaders of the mining industry of the Urals (M. M. Gorshkolepov, I. M. Demikhov, V. I. Dovgopol) and leading specialists representing the institutes of Uralgiprorud (L. N. Tsimbalenko), Uralmekhanobr (G. I. Sladkov) , geological management (K. B. Kozhevnikov, M. I. Aleshin). The very idea of ​​widespread industrial use of ores with very low iron content was extremely bold, having no precedent in world practice, as a result of which it met with strong objections in various circles. Nevertheless, the issue was resolved positively, in which a significant role was played by the territorial economic independence of the Ural region, which existed in the Soviet Union during the period of the Economic Councils. The project of the Kachkanarsky GOK, carried out by the institutes Uralgiproruda, Uralmekhanobr and others, provided for the construction of three quarries with a capacity of up to 33 million tons of ore per year (later up to 45 million tons), as well as a group of processing shops from four factories: crushing, processing, sintering, pellets. Engineering support for the complex included the construction of water supply, electricity, heat supply, repair facilities and other support services. To build these facilities, it was necessary to carry out a huge amount of construction, installation and mining preparation work. In 1956, the directorate of the plant under construction was organized, in 1975 - the Kachkanarrudstroy trust, and on May 27 of the same year, in the remote uninhabited taiga, the first tree fell on the route of the future highway. This day is rightfully considered the birthday of the city of Kachkanar. The construction of the Kachkanarsky GOK is surrounded by high romance and enthusiasm of its pioneers, who consisted, in the overwhelming majority, of young people who came here on Komsomol vouchers. They managed to build a city and a plant in harsh conditions in a short time. On September 30, 1963, the Kachkanarsky mining and processing plant was launched. The first months of its work practically confirmed the high technical and economic indicators of mining and processing of Kachkanar ores and their valuable metallurgical properties, not inferior in quality to the rich magnetite ores traditional for the Urals. Subsequently, the plant continued to increase production capacity, and in 1988 it exceeded the design production level - 45 million tons of raw ore per year.

The history of the Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant goes back to 1725, when Nikita Demidov, a well-known factory owner in the Peter the Great era, created one of the first Russian metallurgical plants in the Urals.

Even then, Tagil metal, made from local rich iron ores, was of high quality, and the “Old Sable” brand was considered one of the best in the world. Since 1940, the Plant has been carrying out a full production cycle: coke, blast furnace, steelmaking and blast furnace processing. On Metallurgist Day 2000, the Plant will celebrate its 60th anniversary. One of the advantages of the plant is the supply of vanadium-containing ore raw materials from the Kachkanar deposit. Its processing guarantees high quality steel products. Another significant advantage of the Plant is its location near the Yekaterinburg-Perm railway. The highway and the Volga and Kama rivers connect it with any seaports of Russia and the CIS. With six rolling mills, a blooming mill, and equipment for continuous casting of steel, the plant has the ability to produce rolled products of about 800 standard sizes from more than 150 steel grades. The flexibility of NTMK's production equipment allows you to quickly change the range of products at minimal cost.

The plant is one of the main suppliers of rolled metal for railway transport, construction and mechanical engineering, etc. A significant part of the products is exported.

Leading companies from Austria, Germany, Italy, Japan, and France are involved in the technical re-equipment program, which has been carried out since 1992. The entire program is financed from the Plant’s own funds.

The development program involves the further introduction of modern resource and energy-saving technologies that ensure the production of competitive products while meeting environmental and sanitary requirements and solving social problems.

Assessment of the raw materials and fuel base of the Urals

The Urals are a “storehouse” of minerals. Deposits of copper and other ores are confined to igneous rocks of the eastern slope of the mountains. There are iron ore reserves that also contain chromium, titanium, and vanadium. For more than a hundred years, Blagodat and Vysokaya mountains have been producing iron ore. Their reserves are severely depleted. 2/3 of the iron ore reserves are contained in the Kachkanar deposit.

Copper, nickel, magnesium, and bauxite are mined in the Urals. Particularly valuable are complex ores that also contain chromium, titanium, and vanadium. Copper ores contain zinc, gold, and silver.

The Urals have mineral resources and fuel resources.

The fuel resources of the Urals are represented by all main types: oil, natural gas, coal, oil shale, peat. Coals are mined primarily for energy purposes. Coal lies close to the surface and is mined in a number of areas using open-pit mining. The main basins are the Kizelovsky coal basin, the Chelyabinsk and South Ural brown coal basins. Many coal deposits have been depleted, and most of the coal consumed is imported from other areas.

Iron ore deposits are concentrated mainly within the Ural Mountains.

Industry plays a leading role in the structure of the economic complex of the Ural economic region.

The fuel and energy complex ensures the functioning of all sectors of the economy. The traditional industry for the Urals is the coal industry.

The coal industry is of purely local importance. The following are mined: brown coal in the Sverdlovsk (Karpinsk) and Chelyabinsk (Kopeisk and Korkino) regions, as well as hard coal in the Perm region (Kizelovsky basin).

However, the region does not have enough available energy resources and a large amount of fuel is imported to the Urals (mainly from Western Siberia and Kazakhstan).

Previously, production cycles of all industries were provided with their own raw materials, now they are additionally imported from other regions.

Due to the high quality of raw materials and fuel, the low cost of their extraction and large-scale production of metal, its average cost at the enterprises of the Ural metallurgical base is noticeably lower than in other regions. Ultimately, this determines the effectiveness of metallurgical specialization; among enterprises introducing new metal production technologies, priority belongs to the world's largest Magnitogorsk Combine. Its steel production uses converter and electrical technology. As a result, the quality of the metal will improve and the use of recycled materials will expand. Advanced technology will simultaneously make it possible to use the capabilities of continuous steel casting, reduce fuel consumption, increase labor productivity and, finally, significantly improve the air quality of the surrounding area.

Economic prospects.

In metallurgy, it is necessary to achieve an increase in quality types of products, expansion and strengthening of the raw material base (in particular, due to the deposits of chromium-nickel brown iron ores and titanomagnetites), a reduction in material and energy intensity, a reduction in harmful emissions, and a radical renewal of the technical base.

It is also planned to reconstruct small-capacity metallurgical plants. This will allow us to maintain one of the most prominent places for the production of metal products with an increased share of high-quality steel grades.

Population of the Ural economic region

The population size in different regions of the country also changes due to the movement of people from one permanent place of residence to another (internal migration).

The most numerous and constant migrations of the population are from rural areas to cities.

There is also relocation between rural settlements.

There is significant migration from small to large cities. In the pre-war years, resettlement took place to the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, where mineral deposits were developed and factories were built.

The population is 20.5 million people.

Currently, in the Ural economic region there are 140 cities, in which 75% of the population lives - this is one of the highest figures in the country.

Four cities have a population of over a million people: Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, Perm.

The largest urban agglomerations formed around these cities, concentrating 34% of the population of the Urals and occupying about 10% of its territory.

The most urbanized are the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, where 87 and 83% of the population live in cities and towns, respectively.

The population density is high - 24.9 people per square kilometer, with the most densely populated Chelyabinsk region (41.4 people/km2) and Udmurtia (38.7 people/km2), the least populated are the Kurgan and Orenburg regions (15. 6 and 17.7 people/km2, respectively), but even in these areas the population density is higher than the national average.

Current state

Currently, the ferrous metallurgy industry is experiencing an acute crisis, where the decline in production has reached a critical point. The giants of the iron and steel industry are in a difficult situation. Magnitogorsk and Nizhny Tagil plants. This is explained not only by structural restructuring in the conditions of the emerging market, but also by the fact that it is necessary to reconstruct these enterprises and replace the entire open-hearth production with converter and electric smelting, since in market conditions it is impossible to maintain inefficient, uncompetitive production. There is no need for a huge iron foundry production, which creates an aggravated environmental situation.

The most important task is to create a market infrastructure, reform forms of ownership in the ferrous metallurgy industry, develop joint ventures with the attraction of domestic and foreign investments, as well as the creation of small enterprises and entrepreneurship development.

Ecological problems

The most important future problem is the improvement of the environmental situation. Areas of environmental disaster are microdistricts in the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions.

Disturbance of land by mining, air pollution, depletion and pollution of land waters, soil pollution, loss of productive lands, forest degradation

A difficult situation has developed with the natural environment in the Ural metallurgical base, especially in the old mining centers. Atmospheric pollution, depletion of water resources, unintegrated use of mineral resources, dominance of the military-industrial complex, radiation contamination of the territory, oversaturation of industrial enterprises - this is not a complete list of the problems of the Ural base.

Almost the entire territory of the Urals is subject to powerful anthropogenic pressure. Currently, the Urals are considered an environmental disaster zone; 7 cities are included in the “black” environmental book of Russia: Yekaterinburg, Kurgan, Nizhny Tagil, Perm, Magnitogorsk, Kamensk-Uralsky and Chelyabinsk. Metallurgical enterprises alone emit hundreds of thousands of tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere every year. Industrial waste is almost not recycled; over 2.5 billion m3 of metallurgical production waste has accumulated in the region, despite the fact that some of the waste is used for the production of building materials and chemical industry products. Metallurgical slags are used as fertilizer and building materials. Thousands of hectares of land are being confiscated for mining, ground and surface waters, soils, and the atmosphere are being polluted, and vegetation is being destroyed. Undoubtedly, the environmental crisis threatens the success of economic reforms in the country, since the required costs for eliminating at least basic environmental violations are several times higher than the amounts allocated for these purposes throughout the country.

It is necessary to develop a federal target program for economic development and improvement of the environmental situation.

Important advantages of the Ural metallurgical base:

1. high territorial concentration of fixed production assets.
2. the presence of the largest contingent of highly qualified metallurgists in the country.
3. a wide network of secondary and higher educational institutions that train qualified personnel for the industry.
4. a large number of metallurgical research and design organizations.
5. the presence of a large local consumer of ferrous metals in the form of a highly developed, predominantly metal-intensive mechanical engineering industry, which at the same time supplies the industry with the necessary equipment.
6. the abundance of scrap metal in the area, which is a serious help in replenishing the raw material base of ferrous metallurgy.

The main disadvantages of the Ural metallurgical base:

1. the narrowness of the local fuel and energy base and, first of all, the lack of our own coking coal.
2. discrepancy between the share of the Urals in all-Russian reserves and iron ore production and its share in the domestic production of ferrous metals.
3. tense water balance.
4. outdated production equipment of the industry.

According to available forecasts, in the future the Ural base will remain the main base of ferrous metallurgy in Russia with a primary specialization in the production of mass ordinary grades of metal, ferroalloys and pipes for main gas pipelines.

Literature

1. Protasov V.F., Molchanov A.V. Economic geography: environmental management in Russia. – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2000
2. Economics of environmental management / ed. T.S. Khachaturova. – M.: MSU Publishing House, 2001
3. Vronsky V.A. Applied ecology. – R-n-D. : Phoenix, 1999
4. Pylneva T.G. Nature management: Textbook. allowance. – M.: Finstatinform, 1997
5. Economic geography: Textbook. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 1999
6. Rodionova I. A. Economic geography - M.: 2001
7. Kistanov V.V., Kopylov N.V. Regional economics of Russia - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003
8. Morozova T.G., Pobedina M.G., Shishnov S.S. Economic geography of Russia - M.: UNITI, 2000

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