Tailstock 1k62 – Tailstock of a lathe. Construction and repair of the tailstock

Screw-cutting lathes are used in various industries, most often they can be found in machine-building industries. Any work must be done with high quality, but details on which human life and health may depend must be done with special filigree, which can only be done on a perfectly adjusted, properly functioning machine. In order for it to serve for a long time, and for the threaded parts to meet their intended purpose, it is necessary to properly maintain the turning equipment.

Changing the oil in a lathe

The service life of turning equipment largely depends on the proper functioning of the lubrication system of the units, the surface of which is in constant friction against each other. Timely lubrication prolongs the serviceability of machines, reduces their power consumption, reduces the load on parts, and reduces their wear. In addition, the use of high-quality lubricants has a positive effect on the quality of turning, efficiency, and allows maintaining the temperature of the units in a given range. Factors such as the health of the system and the choice of suitable oil are decisive.

Lubrication systems for lathe components

The operation of lubricating devices that deliver oil to the required point is based on the simplest laws of physics:

• Gravity, allowing oil to flow to the friction point on its own
• Capillary forces, which, through porous bushings and wicks, lift the lubricant to a certain height.
• The viscous friction force generated between the surface and the lubricant material itself prevents the latter from flowing down.
• Pressure. Used in manual lubrication systems such as piston pumps and oilers.
• Centrifugal forces causing oil to flow under pressure to surfaces.
• Inertia. Due to the capture of liquid by the rotating elements of the machine, its particles are scattered.
• The pressure difference that creates self-suction of oil through the mechanisms themselves.

Areas of use of turning equipment

Screw-cutting lathes vary in weight and size, which directly depends on the industry where they are used. They can produce short and long, thin and wide parts. These lathes can cut internal and external threads on parts. The heavier the part, the more massive the machine for processing it.

Light weight turning equipment is used:

• in experimental workshops;
• in instrument making;
• in the manufacture of watch movement parts.

This type may have a mechanical supply of blanks to the cutter, which allows for faster production of identical parts, if necessary, to produce them in small batches. For the production of piece products, this mechanism is not required, which will be reflected in the design of the lathe.

In the industrial production of threaded parts and tools, medium-weight machines are more often used. Their design contains many automatic systems, which, along with rotary mechanical parts, require preventive checks and debugging. Moving, twisting, rotating, cutting and drilling parts require regular lubrication.

Heavy weight turning equipment is used for more repetitive operations. On it are machined:

• shafts;
• turbines;
• wheels for trains.

Despite the small range of products and a small selection of operations, these machines cannot be called simple. There are also many components in its design that require constant care and monitoring. Lubrication and cleaning of parts becomes more difficult due to their heavy weight.

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Manufactured by heavy industry, the 1K62 model lathe has long been familiar to metal processing specialists as a reliable and easy-to-use unit.

Known to most workers, the 1K62 type lathe is one of the popular models of equipment used for the manufacture of a wide variety of parts. Their distinctive feature is increased functionality, versatility and high reliability. This machine is still rated very highly among specialists in the processing of metal blanks.

Methods for lubrication of a lathe

1. Periodic manual lubrication - performed through technological openings that are closed during operation of the machine. To perform this, a syringe or oil can is used. A piston hand pump is used to deliver fluid to hard-to-reach places.

2. Drip or wick method - produced using drip or wick oilers by filling special containers. Of the latter, lubricant is continuously supplied to the surface of parts due to capillary forces.

3. Circulating lubrication - produced through the operation of a hydraulic pump, which supplies oil under pressure directly to the parts. The liquid drains naturally. The amount of lubricant supplied is regulated by special devices.

4. Crankcase method - produced by spraying oil with a fast-moving impeller or a gear immersed in a lubricant, connected to rotating parts of the equipment.

5. Combined lubrication - used in cases where the listed methods separately cannot provide optimal lubrication of mechanisms and parts.

Oil in a lathe performs the following functions:

• Protects mechanisms and parts from wear;
• Removes wear products from the working area;
• Removes heat;
• Reduces friction coefficient.

Types of oils for metalworking machines

When servicing equipment for metal turning, so-called industrial oil is used - a distillate petroleum product with low or medium viscosity. Its characteristic conditions of use are moderate pressure and thermal conditions, and you can buy it from any manufacturer. The main thing is compliance with GOST.

High-quality industrial oil for lubrication of machine tools has the following characteristics:

• Does not form foam;
• Does not form persistent emulsions with wear products;
• Resistant to elevated temperatures;
• Has high dispersing and washing properties;
• It has a stable chemical composition.

For industrial oils, the defining characteristics are:

• Density - has a greater effect on the properties of oils for hydraulic systems. Transmitting qualities decrease as the density of the liquid decreases.
• Viscosity is a parameter that directly affects the quality of the lubricant. It is the most important when choosing a lubricant for turning equipment. Depends on operating conditions, in particular on temperature. The higher the last indicator, the lower the viscosity.
• Flash point – affects oil consumption and waste. Essentially it is the ignition temperature of a liquid.
• Pour point – taken into account when storing liquid and transferring it.
• Ash content – ​​degree of purification. The lower this indicator, the better the oil is purified.
• Acid number and sulfur content - the degree of purification from acids and sulfur.

To be sure which oil to pour into a particular lathe, its choice is made based on the manufacturer’s recommendations, which are necessarily indicated in the operating instructions.

Industrial oils for lubrication of lathes and drilling machines are divided into:

• And - without additives;
• IGP (alloyed) – with additives.

The following brands of industrial oils without additives are poured into the lathe:

• I-5A - used for lubricating mechanisms and components operating at high speed under light load, which do not require special anti-oxidation and anti-corrosion properties of the lubricant composition. At 40°C it has a kinetic viscosity of 6-8 mm2/s and a flash point of 120°C. In metal-cutting machines it is used to lubricate high-speed spindle units. Can be replaced with brands I-8A, ILS-5.
• I-8A is a similar brand to the previous one. At 40°C they have a kinetic viscosity of 9-11 mm2/s and ignite from 130°C. Can be replaced with brands I-5A, ILS-10, ILS-5.
• I-20A - used for lubrication of components operating at lower speeds and high loads, for example, sliding and rolling guides, gears. Viscosity 29-35 mm2/s and flash point from 180°C. Can be replaced with IGP-18 brand or another similar viscosity index.
• I-30A - in turning equipment it is mainly used for lubrication of the apron, drive shafts, slides, tool holder, and replaceable gears. Viscosity is 41-51 mm2/s and ignition occurs at 200°C. Can be replaced with brand IGP-30 or similar in viscosity.
• I-40A – Used for lubrication of gears. Viscosity 61-75 mm2/s and flash point from 200°C. Can be replaced with brand IGP-38 or similar in viscosity.
• I-50A - viscosity 90-110 mm2/s and flash point from 215°C. Can be replaced with brand IGP-38 or similar in viscosity.

1. Maintenance of the machine’s lubrication system by a turner consists of daily checking the oil level in the reservoir before starting turning work. If necessary, add liquid. When replacing, drainage is carried out through the plug. Before filling the tank, the latter is cleaned and washed with kerosene.

2. The apron mechanism has an automatic lubrication system with an individual pump. The oil level being filled is controlled by an oil indicator, usually located on the front side. The cross slide and carriage are lubricated at the beginning and middle of the shift until an oil film appears on the guides. Lubrication of the lead screw support bushings and guides during screw cutting operations is carried out with the uterine nut on.

3. The tailstock, lead screw and shaft supports are lubricated with wicks from the reservoirs. In the latter, oil must be poured until it flows out. Lubrication of the tapered axis of the tool holder is carried out daily at the end of the shift. In this case, the cutting head is removed.

Lathe 1K62 - technical specifications, passport, device

The 1K62 lathe, which was produced in Moscow for quite a long period (1956–1971), is well known to almost everyone involved in metalworking. After the end of production of this lathe model, which many can recognize in the photo below, it was replaced by the 16K20 unit.

Universal screw-cutting lathe 1K62

Advantages of the model

The 1K62 machine, as follows from its characteristics, is included in the category of frontal type turning equipment. In other words, it is suitable for turning screw-cutting work with parts of large diameter and short length.

At the same time, the 1K62 screw-cutting lathe is a universal device, the technical capabilities of which ensure the execution of the entire range of turning operations. With such a device you can cut threads and turn disks and shafts of various configurations. What is important is that all operating modes of such a machine are very easy to configure. Due to the high rigidity of the lathe components of this model, ensured by the use of special bearings in its design, it can process parts that have undergone pre-hardening.

Main components of the 1K62 machine

The most significant advantages for which the 1K62 machine is especially appreciated by both professionals and novice specialists include the following.

• Feed and rotation speed can be adjusted over a wide range.
• The kinematic chains of the lathe in question, its individual components and structural elements are distinguished by high strength and rigidity.
• Using tools with mineral-ceramic and carbide cutting parts, such equipment can effectively cut workpieces.
• The design of the device, equipped with a powerful drive, is designed in such a way that it can effectively counteract vibration loads.
• This lathe comes standard with replaceable gears that drive the feedbox from the headstock.
• High-precision machining of parts on the 1K62 lathe can be carried out even in the presence of shock loads (their effect is compensated by special bearings).
• A special electric motor with a power of 1 kW is responsible for moving the unit’s support. The output shaft of such an electric motor, which ensures rapid movement of the caliper, rotates at a frequency of up to 1410 rpm.
• The tailstock of the equipment can move in the transverse direction, which allows the 1K62 screw-cutting lathe to be used for working with workpieces that have the shape of a shallow cone.
• The electrical circuit of the machine contains fusible links and thermal relays that protect it from short circuits and serious overloads during operation.
• The spindle assembly of the 1K62 lathe is equipped with heavy-duty bearings.

In situations where a drill is attached to the tailstock to form holes in workpieces, it can be rigidly connected to the bottom of the caliper using a special locking device, in which case it can be moved using a mechanical drive.

The 1K62 machine, the design of which was developed more than 60 years ago, can be equally effectively used to perform both power and high-speed turning operations (this cannot be said about every modern unit).

Controls of the 1K62 machine

Often, during turning operations, it becomes necessary to limit the movement of the machine carriage in the longitudinal direction. The technical capabilities of 1K62 also provide for this possibility; for this, a special stop is used, fixed on the shelf of the frame on its front side. When using it, the speed of movement of the caliper is limited (no more than 250 mm/min).

The standard equipment of the 1K62 lathe also includes two steady rests - movable and fixed. Such technical devices are known to be used to eliminate deformation of long workpieces during processing. Thanks to the movable steady rest, fixed on the machine carriage, workpieces with a cross-section from 2 to 8 cm are processed, and the fixed one, placed on the bed guides, allows you to work with parts with a cross-section from 2 to 13 cm.

Technical characteristics and passport of the machine 1K62

All technical characteristics of the 1K62 screw-cutting lathe are presented below in table format:

Characteristics of 1K62 - part 1 Characteristics of 1K62 - part 2 Characteristics of 1K62 - part 3
Download for free the passport of the screw-cutting lathe 1K62: Passport of the machine 1K62

Download repair and maintenance manual 1K62: Repair of machine 1K62

Design features of the machine

The tailstock of the 1K62 lathe, consisting of a plate, a body with a mounting hole and a retractable quill, can move along the bed guides. Adjustment of the reach, fixation of the quill and rear center, which are installed in the tailstock, are carried out using a special handle. The mounting hole in the quill has a conical shape, which allows you to fix various tools in it: drill, reamer, countersink, tap, etc.

Kinematic diagram 1K62 (click to enlarge)

The gearbox of the 1K62 machine and its tailstock are distinguished by the simplicity of their design, which is based on a number of shafts (one of them is frictional). A pulley is located on one of the gearbox shafts, to which torque is transmitted from the device’s electric motor. In addition, the box contains a friction clutch, various blocks (triple, intermediate, etc.), supports and rolling bearings. A special oil pump is responsible for lubricating all moving parts of the gearbox.

Gearbox mechanism

Tailstock 1K62

The longitudinal and transverse movement of the machine support occurs thanks to the lead shaft and lead screw, the rotation speed of which is regulated by the 1K62 feed box. In the design of this machine unit, which is responsible for the feed speed, the following elements can be distinguished: a three-stage Norton block, shafts, switchable couplings, interlocked gears, and bearings.

The feed box is located at the bottom of the equipment frame, which greatly facilitates its maintenance and repair. The shaft of this box is driven into rotation using replaceable guitar wheels, through which it is also connected to the spindle of the device, which ensures consistency between the rotation of the spindle and the feeds made by the support of the unit. A wheel moves along the feedbox shaft, at one end of which there is a gear, and at the second there is a handle that can be installed in one of ten positions.

Feed box device

The most important element of the lathe apron is the nut, which is in connection with the lead screw and ensures the longitudinal movement of the caliper. The nut, which often fails due to wear, has the ability to self-align relative to the lead screw, which ensures accurate movement of the caliper.

The machine apron, in which the rotation of the lead shaft and lead screw is converted into longitudinal movement of the carriage and transverse movement of the support, operates according to the following scheme.

• Rotation from the drive shaft is transmitted to the worm wheel through several successively arranged gears.
• The movement of the caliper, possible in four directions, is ensured by couplings with end teeth, which are engaged at the required moment.

To engage the queen nut and engage it with the lead screw, a handle located on the face of the machine apron is used. The simultaneous use of the drive shaft and lead screw to impart longitudinal movement to the caliper is eliminated, for which a special shaft with cams is responsible.

Apron of machine 1K62

The support, the most important device of a lathe, consists of such structural elements as:

• upper sled, which is also called incisor sled;
• cross carriage;
• bottom slide.

The movement of the carriage along the guides of the lower slide is ensured by a screw and a backlash-free nut. Rotation of the screw can be transmitted through a handle (manual control) or a gear wheel (automated control). On the upper surface of the carriage there are circular guides with a rotating plate. The design of this plate also provides guides on which a four-position tool holder is installed.

Machine support 1K62

The characteristics of such a unit and its design features make it possible to install a rotating plate and, accordingly, a tool holder with a tool at any angle to the longitudinal axis of the machine. To fix the rotary plate in the required position, special clamping bolts are provided in the carriage design. Even a novice turner can use such a device if he carefully studies the instructions for the equipment.

Other important components in the machine design

The design of the lathe also includes an electrical system, which can be familiarized with by studying the technical data sheet of the device. Such a system consists of three electrical circuits with different characteristics:

• a control circuit, the operation of which requires a voltage of 110 V and a current with a frequency of 50 Hz;
• power circuit operating from a voltage of 380 V and a current with a frequency of 3 to 50 Hz;
• the electrical circuit that is used to ensure the operation of the machine’s lighting equipment is voltage 24 or 36 V, current frequency 50 Hz.

Electrical diagram of the 1K62 machine (click to enlarge)

The drive of 1K62 lathes is a 10-kilowatt electric motor, the shaft of which can rotate at a frequency of 1450 rpm. Although the equipment passport describes how to start the machine and configure all its characteristics, it is not recommended to carry out such procedures without special knowledge and skills. This is explained by the fact that both the kinematic and electrical circuits of this equipment are considered quite complex in their design.

Certain models of lathes, which is necessarily indicated in their passport, are initially designed in such a way that their power circuit can be powered from an electrical circuit with a voltage of 220 V. It should be noted that this is rather an exception to the rule, since the basic models of the 1K62 lathe require voltage power supply 380 V. Before connecting the machine, it is very important to ensure that its neutral and solidly grounded wires are carefully insulated.

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1M63 grease

Description of work

Circulating gearbox lubrication system

The system includes a reservoir 9, a vane pump 14, a plate filter II and an oil distributor 12. The vane pump is driven by a gear transmission from the first shaft of the gearbox. The oil supplied by the pump passes through the filter and enters the oil distributor, from which it flows through tubes to lubricate the spindle bearings, to the clutch lubrication pan, and to lubricate the electromagnetic brake clutch and gears. After passing through the lubricated parts, the oil collects at the bottom of the gearbox. Monitoring the presence of lubrication in the system and its level in the gearbox is carried out using oil indicators 10 and 8.

Figure 1 - machine lubrication diagram

Circulating apron lubrication system

The system includes a reservoir 23, a plunger pump 17, an oil distributor 21. The plunger pump is driven by a cam mounted on the rack and pinion gear shaft. The oil is supplied by a pump to the oil distributor, from which it is supplied to lubricate the apron parts. The presence of lubrication in the system and its level in the apron are monitored using oil indicators 20 and 25. The operation of the plunger pump is monitored during accelerated movements of the caliper.

Circulating sprinkler feed box lubrication system

The system includes a reservoir 1, a plunger pump 3 and a tubular sprinkler oil distributor 6 located in the upper part of the feed box. The plunger pump is mounted at the bottom of the feed box and is driven by an eccentric on the first shaft of the feed box. The oil is supplied by a pump to a tubular oil distributor, from which it is supplied to lubricate the feedbox parts. Monitoring the presence of lubrication in the system and its level in the feed box is carried out using oil indicators 5 and 4.

Wick lubrication system for the rear supports of the lead screw and the lead shaft

The system includes a bath 22, closed with a lid. The oil from the bath travels through the wick to the lubrication points.

Wick lubrication system for replaceable gear tracks

The system includes a bath 7 and a tray.

The oil flows through the wick to the lubrication points, and through the hole in the pan it enters the feed box.

Lubrication system for longitudinal movement guides of the caliper and lead screw

The system includes a reservoir 18 and a plunger pump 19 with a distributor. The plunger pump is periodically actuated manually by axial movements of the pump activation handle.

ATTENTION! If there is no oil in the oil indicators for controlling the operation of the vane and plunger pumps, you cannot operate the machine.

Instructions for installation and operation of the lubrication system

Before putting the machine into operation you must:

• Fill reservoir 9 (see Fig. 9) of the gearbox through hole 13 with industrial oil I-30A in an amount of about 20 liters. The oil level is monitored using oil indicator 8. If the oil supply in oil indicator 10 decreases, turn the plate filter handle 2-3 times through hole 13 to clean it. When starting to operate the machine, it is advisable to clean the filter daily; the filter reservoir sump should be cleaned when changing the oil;
• fill tank 23 of the apron through hole 26 with industrial oil I-20A in an amount of about 3 liters. The oil level is monitored using oil indicator 25. When operating the machine for a long time using a transverse slide, it is recommended to periodically make 2-3 quick movements of the slide along the frame to ensure lubrication of the apron. The use of oils with high viscosity leads to delayed disengagement of the clutch discs, as a result of which overtravel of the caliper occurs after it is turned off or the movement is reversed;
• fill reservoir I of the feed box through hole 15 with industrial oil I-30A in an amount of about 5 liters. The oil level is monitored using oil indicator 4;
• fill the caliper guide lubrication reservoir 18 through hole 27 with industrial oil I-30A in an amount of about 0.2 liters. Level control
• oil is produced according to the mark on the rod of the hole plug 27. To increase the uniformity and smoothness of the movement of the caliper, which is especially important during thread-cutting work, it is recommended to use VNII NP-401 GOST 11058-75 oil as a lubricant. It is recommended to periodically, at least 4-5 times per shift, make 2-3 quick movements of the caliper, after manually making 3-4 double strokes of the pump plunger before each movement;
• fill the lubrication points I-UP with oil in accordance with table. 8. Lubricate the surfaces of the lead screw, lead shaft and bed guides with industrial oil I-30A;
• pour industrial oil I-30A into bath 7 in an amount of about 0.3 liters and into bath 22 - 0.2 liters;
• Fill the oil caps of replaceable gears with synthetic grease according to GOST 4366-76. Oil caps after filling and installation: tighten 1.5-2 turns.
• When the machine is operating, you should monitor the oil level using oil indicators 4, 8, 25 and the rod installed in hole 27. The presence of oil supply is monitored using oil indicators 5, 10, 20.
• The oil change must be done the first time after 10 days of operation, the second time after 20 days, then every 40 days.
• To drain the oil when changing it, drain holes 2, 16, 24 are provided.
• The NK-50 grease in the electric pump bearings should be replaced at least once every 6 months.
• ATTENTION! To lubricate the machine, only filtered oil should be used.

Table - List of lubrication points

Lubrication of a screw-cutting lathe during maintenance

Mineral oils are used to lubricate the lathe, and solid oils are used for bearings. The lower the load and the higher the rotation speed, the less thick the lubricant should be. The required brand of lubricant is set by equipment manufacturers in accordance with the temperature to which the mechanism heats up during operation.

An example of a lubrication schedule and the choice of oil depending on the unit

In order not to make a mistake, it is necessary for each individual mechanism to determine the admissibility of using a certain type of solid oil in accordance with the technical data sheet.

For lathes, 4 methods of lubrication of units are applicable:

• Circulation method - oil is supplied under the influence of a pressure pump, which forces the oil under pressure to circulate through a system of tubes leading to the units.
• Wick is one of the simplest and most reliable. In a lathe it is an addition to the crankcase option in case there is concern that the oil may not reach its target. A wick is inserted into the tube; it should be 6-8 mm from the surface onto which oil should fall at a certain frequency.
• Manual - in this method, lubricant is applied to bearings, carriage, screw and other open rubbing parts. Oil is poured into oil cans, and solid oil is injected into them using a syringe. This type of maintenance is carried out daily. If the machine is used intensively, it may require more frequent lubrication.
• The crankcase method is used to lubricate the gearbox, feed box and apron worm gear. The method is that oil is sprayed from a reservoir filled to a certain level by rotating gears. To monitor the oil level, there are control eyes and a tubular oil level indicator.

It is necessary to remember not only about the constant replenishment of lubricant reservoirs, but also that once a month it will need to be completely replaced. Before pouring a new portion of lubricant into the oil cans, it is necessary to remove the filters and gears from the tanks, and remove the wicks from the tubes. All this equipment must be washed and cleaned.

For the greatest effect, screw-cutting lathes often use all 4 types of lubricants at once, which makes it possible not to miss any of the components. Provided that technical equipment receives proper maintenance, its service life is significantly increased.

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Brief history of the series

• The first screw-cutting lathes with a gearbox were produced and called DIP 200,
• DIP 300 and so on. The letters meant “Catch up and overtake”, and the numbers meant the height above the bed.
• ENIMS adopted a unified system of machine symbols. According to the DIP 200 system, it began to be called 1D62, and accordingly its modifications changed their names.
• Soon the first DIP 200 models appeared, called 1D62,
• 1D62M. These models were then replaced by a newer one - 1A62. The 1A62 was produced for several years, after which it was replaced by the 1K62, which was produced for another eighteen years. Modifications were produced by 1K62.
• Then the 16B20P entered production, which was a transitional model between the two machines.
• After another six years, the first 16K20 were produced. The machines gradually began to produce less and less. They began to be modified, but the modifications were not long-lasting.
• Seventeen years after the first 16K20 they were replaced by machines of the MK series: MK6046, MK6047.

How does the machine lubricate automatically?

Lubrication of a screw-cutting lathe, or rather its moving parts, must occur constantly during operation. The supply of lubricants to the rotor is indicated by the rotating disk on the spindle head. Its rotation should begin within a minute after starting the equipment. This time should be enough for the gear pump, connected by a belt drive to the main engine of the unit, to supply oil to the reservoir. The lubricant will reach the engine bearings and oil distribution trays through a strainer with a magnetic liner. The system is closed - flowing into the spindle head, the oil again enters the reservoir, where it is cleaned of debris by a filter and again ends up on the moving parts.

Intermittent movement or stopping of the disk indicating the flow of lubricant to the parts of the screw-cutting lathe indicates that the filter is clogged or there is not enough lubricant in the system. In this case, the machine must

• disable,
• cut off the power
• remove the filter,
• wash it with kerosene,
• check the lubricant level in the reservoir,
• add oil if necessary,
• insert the filter into place and start the unit.

How to remove the filter

The mesh filter consists of several elements. To get it out of the tank, which serves as the filter housing, you need to disconnect the hoses from it, unscrew the bottom nut, and remove the filters along with the plastic frame.

Attention! Filters can only be washed in kerosene. Under no circumstances should they be cleaned with air. This method of cleaning can lead to the immediate loss of the mesh’s working qualities. Strong air pressure deforms its cells.

Scheduled maintenance with mandatory filter washing is carried out in accordance with the instructions in the technical data sheet of the equipment.

Purpose and scope of application of a metal screw-cutting lathe

The 1K62 lathe is universal and is used for finishing and semi-finishing turning tasks. They cut left and right threads: metric, inch.

Used for processing hardened workpieces because the spindle provides rigidity to the machine. It produces high-quality cuts with carbide tools due to the large speed range of 1K62.

The device is frontal and it processes short workpieces of large diameter. The machine processes flat cones, because its rear beam can move.

Causes of turning errors on a 1K62 screw-cutting lathe

The following factors can affect the accuracy and purity of processing:

1. Incorrect level installation of the machine on the foundation;
2. The presence of a gap between the carriage clamping strips and the bed; the presence of a gap between the guides and wedges (it is necessary to tighten the clamping bars and wedges);
3. Non-rigid spring mounting of the cutter;
4. The part fixed in the chuck has a large overhang (it should be supported by a steady rest or pressed in with the center);
5. The chuck faceplate is poorly secured, the chuck mounting screws are not tightened enough;
6. Presence of dirt in the conical hole of the spindle;
7. The mass of the chuck or workpiece is unbalanced (needs to be balanced);
8. Incorrect cutting modes selected (high cutting speed or feed);
9. The spindle bearings are not adjusted correctly. (for adjustments, see section “Adjusting the Machine,” page 43).

Main varieties and explanation of modifications

The first 1K62 was released on and went through a long journey, with many modifications.

The main varieties were: 1K625, 1K620, 1K62B. The modifications have decodings, each number and letter has a meaning:

• The number 1 means that the machine is a lathe.
• The letter K indicates the generation of the device.
• The number 6 indicates that the machine is a screw-cutting lathe.
• Number 2 indicates the height of the centers.
• The numbers 25 at the end indicate the maximum diameter of the workpiece above the caliper.
• The numbers 20 are the height of the centers above the bed.
• The letter B is the value of the change in the main model.

This is what the main modifications look like, their decoding 1K62.

Specifications

The main technical characteristics are:

• The machining diameter above the caliper is two hundred mm.
• The distance between centers is one thousand mm.
• Electric motor power - 10 kW
• The weight of the machine is 3035 kg.
• The transverse displacement of the housing is approximately fifteen mm.

Main settings

The main parameters are called: the distance between centers, which is a thousand millimeters, the weight of the machine is two tons.

The spindle speed limits in the forward direction reach 2 thousand revolutions per minute, in the reverse direction up to 1900 revolutions per minute. The diameter of the cartridge is 250 millimeters.

Spindle

Spindle is a shaft that has right and left turns of rotation. The spindle is installed to hold tools as well as workpieces. Consequently, a clamping chuck or other elements are attached to it. It depends on the device.

Caliper and feed

The support is designed to move, fixed in the tool holder, along and across the spindle axis. It consists of three main units - the carriage, the cross slide, and the tool slide of the caliper. In technical literature they may be called differently.

The feed box is used to switch the rotation speed of the lead screw and shaft, that is, to select the feed speed of the cutter along the spindle axis. A gearbox is usually located inside the box.

The gearbox is made of gears that shift. The input feed shaft receives torque from the spindle. Before doing this, it goes through the guitar.

Cutting slide

The cutting slide is one of the main components of the caliper. They are installed at an angle to the center line of the machine centers. The cone is processed by manually moving the cutting slide. This method allows you to process internal and external cones with any slope angles.

Tailstock

The headstock is a unit that is used in many metal-cutting machines. The headstock accurately supports and moves the part relative to the tool that cuts it. Usually it is located, mounted on the frame. There are three functions:

At the back, the assembly has a tapered hole for installing the center. The center supports the workpiece and is used to secure the tool.

Electrical equipment

Electrical equipment is intended to set units and mechanisms in motion, automatically control them, and monitor their condition. The performance and reliability of units depends on electrical equipment.

Dimensions and weight

The unit has dimensions and weight:

• The motor power for fast movements of the caliper is from 0.75 to 1.1 kW.
• Cooling pump power - 0.12 kW.
• The overall dimensions of the machine are two thousand eight hundred twelve millimeters in length, one thousand one hundred sixty-six in width and one thousand three hundred twenty-four in height.
• The weight of the machine is three thousand thirty-five kilograms.

Design Features

The design features of 1K62 include the versatility of its functionality and well-organized workspace. The ease of setting up the operating modes of the machine is especially noted.

The increased rigidity of all its working units is ensured by the use of heavy-duty bearings in the design. Due to the significant drive power on the 1K62, it is possible to process workpieces that have undergone long-term hardening.

Please note: The design of the bed provides the ability to change the position of the rear beam, allowing you to grind cone-shaped parts.

The beam itself is connected to the lower plane of the support with a special lock, which expands the range of drilling operations. The main structural components of this product include:

• A bed with two cabinets located at the edges.
• Two headstocks (front and rear placement).
• Caliper with tool holder and apron mechanism.
• Gearbox (Gearbox).

Let us next consider the organization of the workplace.

Workspace dimensions

The characteristics of the 1K62 workplace are as follows:

• the height of the frame with superstructures is one and a half meters;
• the total length of the base is from 2.5 to 3.5 meters (with a width of 1.2 meters);
• the permissible size of the part placed above the support is up to 22.4 cm, and above the bed - up to 43.5 cm
• permissible incisal section - within 2.5 cm;
• the maximum size of the blank fixed during processing is within the range from 75 cm to 150 cm;
• through size (diameter) of the shaft – 5.5 cm;
• free movement of the working carriage – up to 1330 mm.

Under certain operating conditions of machine tool equipment (when fixing a workpiece in a chuck, in particular), the weight of the processed blank can reach 300 kg. When installing workpieces in a centered position, its weight can reach 1300 kg.

Headstock and tailstock

The main purpose of the headstock is to provide the specified parameters for shaft rotation in various operating modes when performing the entire range of work operations. Switching elements for replaceable gearbox gears are also located here. The mechanisms located in it allow:

• make threads with a pitch that is a multiple of 4 and 16 units; in this case, the gear ratio increases by 8 and 32 times, respectively;
• provide right and left cutting;
• prepare threads in multi-start mode (from 2 to 60 starts).

The speed shift knob in this unit allows you to set one of 4 possible ranks of shaft rotation speed in accordance with the designation printed on it.

The tailstock supports the metal part in a centered machining mode, creating a second support point. When performing a drilling operation, it is connected to the caliper carriage by means of a special clamp, thereby providing mechanical feed from it. In this case, the tool itself is inserted into a special quill.

Model support and apron mechanism

The working mechanism of the apron with the couplings on it provides both forward and reverse strokes of the caliper and the working carriage. To control their movements, a special handle is provided on it. In addition, the apron is equipped with a locking mechanism that does not allow working with two feeds at once (longitudinal movement and transverse shift). A safety clutch is also located here, which is triggered if the apron is overloaded.

The amount of clearance (gap) in it is set during the factory settings of the machine. In case of repair, it is adjusted with a special screw located at the bottom of the apron at the end of the base of the uterine nut.

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Feed and speed box

The gearbox ensures that the required rotation speeds of the main working shaft are set in a wide frequency range. This feature allows you not only to grind workpieces, but also to make thread cuts of five types on the machine (in different speed modes).

To control the amount of feed when preparing threads, the gearbox is equipped with a special handle with several positions. If it is necessary to cut a thinner thread, it is installed in a position where the lead screw is connected in a direct manner (bypassing the feed box).

To implement the “Fast movement” mode, it has a special overrunning clutch mounted on the output shaft.

Lubrication system 1K62

The main components and mechanisms of the gearbox, as well as all bearings included in its composition, are lubricated by automatic supply of oil from a reservoir located in the lower area of ​​the headstock support. It is sucked from the container using a separate pump driven by an eccentric cam . After this, the oil is driven through a system of tubes through the filter, and then enters the headstock bearing (on the spindle and on the tray).

Further, under its own power, it lowers to gear units, movable bushings and other points to be lubricated. The rear bearing receives lubricant from an additional reservoir equipped with a felt wick.

Electric scheme

The electrical equipment of the machine contains the following mandatory components:

• fusible fuse inserts;
• a set of switches for various functional purposes;
• switching elements of power circuits (relays and contactors);
• illuminators (light bulbs);
• step-down converter 380/220 Volt and rectifier elements.

In addition to all of the above, the electrical part of the machine includes the main drive electric motor (M1), as well as three-phase high-speed motors and a cooling pump.

Additional information: The hydraulic unit motor (M4) is connected to the structure through a special plug connector.

This motor is an auxiliary one, working in conjunction with the hydrocopier device connected to it (in the figure above it is designated as M4*).

Kinematic scheme

To understand the relative location and interaction of the unit components, as well as its individual parts, it is important to study the kinematic diagram (figure below).

The easiest way to do this is to look at the passport of the 1K62 unit, which describes in detail not only the structure of the machine, but also the operating procedure of all mechanisms. Having become familiar with the intricacies and features of the design, the operator will be able to effectively use all its functionality.

General design and operating principle

The design features regulatory bodies that are familiar to experts, and a simple control scheme is used. The model consists of nodes:

• bed;
• front, rear cabinets;
• headstock;
• chuck;
• tailstock;
• tool holder;
• apron with caliper feed mechanics;
• drive shaft;
• gearbox.

The design is designed for high vibration resistance and rigidity. The base is pedestals, and to increase their rigidity, vertical ribs are used on the walls.

On the left side of the unit there is a headstock, inside it is a gearbox, a spindle with a chuck. On the right side is the tailstock. The caliper can move in different directions due to the apron.

List of machine controls 1k62 (see Fig. 5)

Position in Fig.5

Controls and their purpose

2 5; 9 7 8 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 20 22 24 25 26 27 29, 38 32 34 35 36 39

Handle for selecting the type of thread and type of work (thread or feed) Handle for setting the spindle speed Handle for setting the normal, increased thread pitch and position when dividing into multi-start threads Handle for setting the right and left thread and feed Handle for manual transverse feed of the support Handle for rotating and fastening the cutting head Local lighting switch Screw for fastening the carriage for end robots Handle for manual movement of the upper part of the support Button for turning on the fast movements of the carriage and support Handle for controlling the strokes of the carriage and support Handle for fastening the tailstock quill Cooling pump switch Input switch Signal lamp for turning off the power supply Handle for attaching the tailstock to the frame Travel handwheel tailstock quills Bolt nut for additional fastening of the tailstock Clutch control handle Lead screw nut activation handle Push-button station for turning on and off the main drive Handwheel for manual movement of the carriage Button for turning off the rack and pinion gear when cutting threads Handle for setting the feed rate and thread pitch

Fig. 5 – Location of controls and places of plates of the 1K62 machine

Photo and description of the device

We have just reviewed the general design of the device, and now, along with pictures, the devices of the unit, their properties, features, and meanings in the mechanism will be described in detail.

General form

In this picture you can admire the general view of the screw-cutting lathe. The components and various devices discussed earlier are immediately visible.

The weight is more than two tons, and the engine power reaches ten kW. The next picture shows a more detailed drawing, which shows the nodes and their location.

Drawing

This is a general design drawing. It shows all the main components. They will be reviewed one by one very soon. In the upper left corner is the front headstock, in the lower left corner is the gearbox and engine unit.

To the right of the front headstock the chuck is visible, and to the right of the chuck there is a guard, a carriage. Under the numbers 12, 13 in the middle there is a switch, an apron.

Top right - caliper, handle release mechanism, cooling, tailstock, electrical equipment, bed.

Location of controls

The picture shows all the controls and their locations. There are twenty-two organs in total. From the simplest to the very difficult to manage and study.

They control all the mechanisms, thanks to them the unit works and performs tasks. They will not be considered, however, in order to work with the machine you need to know them to avoid accidents.

Kinematic diagram

The photo shows a kinematic diagram, that is, a conventional image of the unit, which shows the connection between the elements of the mechanism that transmit movement. The diagram helps to better understand the design of the structure, repair it correctly, and make correct calculations.

Each element in the diagram has its own designation. The symbols must be learned in order to understand the diagram. The shaft is indicated by a straight line, the lead screws by a wavy line, and so on.

Headstock

Previously, the rear one was considered, but there is also a spindle one. It is best seen in the picture above. The design is a unit of grinding machines.

It consists of a supporting spindle, which imparts rotational motion to the grinding wheel. The purpose of the mechanism is to place the spindle and its drive mechanisms.

Speed ​​and feed switching device

The gearbox is the main part of the machine spindle drive, designed to transmit movement from the electric motor and change the rotation speed. Typically, the mechanism is mounted in a separate housing and connected by transmission to the spindle.

The feed box provides a large number of feeds in the machine. The second box helps her in this because it changes the speed. The feed mechanism is activated by clutches - friction, cam.

Apron

The picture above shows the apron of the turning unit. The apron converts the rotational movement of the lead screw and roller into the translational movement of the caliper along the frame guides.

The mechanism is usually attached to the front end of the caliper carriage. It has four jaw clutches. Clutches allow the carriage and caliper to make forward and reverse movements.

The apron has a blocking device that prevents the simultaneous activation of longitudinal and transverse feeds.

Caliper

The caliper shown is 1K62. The support is designed to move, fixed in the tool holder of the cutter along, across the axis of the spindle.

It consists of three main units - the carriage, the cross slide, and the cutting slide. In textbooks and books, nodes may be called differently, but they always perform the same functions.

Tailstock

Above is a design called a tailstock. It serves to support the workpiece during processing in the centers; it represents the second support of the unit.

During drilling, the mechanism is attached to the carriage of the caliper to obtain mechanical feed. The mechanism cannot move arbitrarily; it must give the correct position of the center axis.

Electrical circuit diagram

At the top is the electrical circuit diagram. Each unit has this circuit. It shows the main components, parts, and current values.

Without this circuit, the breakdown of the device will be fatal, because it will be impossible to repair it without it. The diagram is most likely in the machine's passport.

Scheduled preventive maintenance - PPR

Scheduled preventive maintenance is a set of measures to maintain the machine in working condition while maintaining its technical characteristics at the level corresponding to those specified by the manufacturer in the machine’s passport.

In accordance with the maintenance schedule drawn up based on the operating mode of the unit, the following is carried out:

• Maintenance – cleaning, lubrication, filling and changing oils.
• Replacement of worn parts and dull cutters.
• Washing the entire machine or its individual components.

The preventive maintenance plan should include:

• preventative repairs;
• current (small and medium) PPR;
• capital PPR.

Between-repair maintenance

Compliance with the operating requirements stated by the manufacturer refers to:

1. equipment control mechanisms;
2. workplace barriers;
3. maintaining lubricating devices and reservoirs clean, monitoring their filling with lubricants.
4. troubleshooting minor problems;
5. adjustment of adjustable mechanisms.

All of the listed types of maintenance do not require much time, which allows them to be carried out during technological, lunch, and inter-shift breaks. It is better to schedule equipment readjustment on weekends. For high-level turners with permission to carry out a certain type of adjustment work, this will not be difficult. In other cases, it is necessary to add this type of minor repair to the to-do list for the workshop repair and commissioning team.

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PPR of automatic machines is carried out daily, after the end of the shift. When the workshop operates in 2 and 3 shifts, they are serviced once every 8 hours. In workshops with a shift work schedule, there must be a repair and adjustment service consisting of:

• mechanics;
• lubricants;
• locksmiths;
• electricians;
• saddlers and other specialists of a narrow profile.

This should ensure high quality of each unit individually, and the machine as a whole.

Rules of operation and care

There are rules for caring for the unit so that it does not break down and is always ready for use. The equipment must be regularly inspected and checked for damage.

Engine operation is determined by sound. After starting, listen. If there are no extraneous sounds, oil is supplied, then the engine is working. If there are extraneous sounds, you need to disassemble the mechanism and find out the reason.

Care must be taken to ensure that the safety shield is holding the workpiece. Even if there is a minor malfunction, you must stop working and take the parts for repair.

From time to time, clean pipes and equipment, change cutters so that the load on the engine is less.