GOST 24833-81 Sliding bearing bushings made of sintered materials. Types and main sizes

Technical requirements

to metal bushings and liners. Material of bimetallic bushings and liners: steel 20 filled with bronze BrOTsS5-5-5, BrAZh9-4, BrOF10-1 and alloy TsAM9-1.5L.

The material of monolithic bushings and liners is AChS-1, AChK-2 cast iron.

For bushings.

During assembly, the longitudinal lubrication groove should be located on the side opposite to the direction of shaft pressure.

Additional fastening of bushings at D with maximum deviations for k6 and n6 is mandatory (Table 5).

For earbuds.

Turning along the outer diameter D is performed jointly on the upper and lower liners. It is allowed to leave an allowance for modification along the internal diameter d.

Metal sliding bearing bushings (according to GOST 1978-81)

Designed for general purpose plain bearings.

* A chamfer angle of 15° is allowed.

Dimensions, mm

Provided d = 105...250mm.

The dimensions indicated in brackets are not recommended.

Example of a symbol

type B bushings with inner diameter d = 25mm, outer diameter D = 32mm, collar diameter D1 = 38mm and length L = 20mm:

Bushing B 25/32 × 20 GOST 1978-81

Self-lubricating sliding bushings SF-1. Bronze coating. Metric sizes

Characteristics of SF1 sliding bushings

Recommended installation tolerances:

SF-1 sliding bushings are endowed with numerous characteristics, which can be listed as follows: • without lubrication • increased load capacity - 140 N/mm2 - due to load distribution over wide elastic-plastic surfaces • high sliding and low coefficient of friction, both static and and under dynamic loads (without the stick-slip effect) • operating temperature from -195 °C to +280 °C • low level of vibration, noise and environmental pollution. Possibility of combining low-hardness metals, simplifying production and reducing costs • lightweight, compact material with minimal overall dimensions • easy to install • do not absorb liquid lubricants or water, have low expansion and high conductivity, as well as good thermal stability • high chemical resistance: can be coated or clad with materials that are resistant to chemically aggressive liquids, gases or solids through an additional galvanic layer.

Purpose of SF1 sliding bushings

SF-1 sliding bushings are widely used in hydraulic vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, agricultural machines, textile machines, printing machines, gymnastics equipment and many other applications. SF-1 sliding bushings are generally endowed with good initial fit-in (run-in), subject to wear of about 0.01 ~ 0.02 mm. During the running-in phase, part of the PTFE surface is deposited on the shaft or sliding surface creating a self-lubricating film, able to reduce friction and wear. After the initial stage and subsequent increase in operating hours, until 80% wear of the PTFE is reached, the sliding bushing is considered worn out and it is recommended to replace it. The surface roughness should generally be below 0.8 μ.

Load capacity of SF1 bushings

The load capacity of sliding bushings is expressed by the load factor Pv (N/mm2 • m/s), where P indicates the specific load and v the speed. The maximum applied specific load under steady conditions can reach a value of 140 N/mm2, and under dynamic conditions, i.e. during rotation and overturning moments, the specific load limit is reduced to 56 N/mm2. The load capacity can be affected by temperature: it is therefore important to keep it constant in order to achieve optimal performance, increasing the life of the sliding bushing. Taking F as the total load, d as the internal diameter and b as the length, the load limit is:

Lubrication can also affect the load factor because... The maximum permissible specific load p depends on the lubrication conditions.

Lubricants

Although the material used to make the SF-1 bushing is of good quality and is used dry, if it is used in a liquid environment or in the presence of lubricant, the Pv limit increases significantly; in fact, the presence of fluid causes the heat of friction and contact between the surfaces to be released, increasing the useful life of the bushing. The presence of a lubricating fluid creates conditions suitable for hydrodynamic operation, significantly increasing the sliding speed under equal payload conditions p. It is always necessary to check the suitability of the bushing with the available fluid, because... Situations of contraindications may arise when using liquids. It is recommended to immerse half of the bushing in liquid for two weeks and ensure that the condition of the bushing is unchanged.

Temperature

If the temperature remains between 0 °C and 100 °C, the impact on the coefficient of friction is quite extreme; If this limit is exceeded, the friction coefficient will quickly increase by 50%. At temperatures above 200 °C and at the same load factor, the life of the sliding bushing is reduced by up to 80% compared to that recorded at 20 °C.

Additional fastening of bushings in one-piece and flanged housings

Dimensions, mm

When securing bushings with one or two screws, the threaded holes should be located at angles of 180 or 90° to the lubrication groove

Recommended oil supply pockets for liquid lubrication of bushings

Dimensions, mm

Oil supply pockets, grooves and holes should not be placed in the loaded area of ​​the bearing, either on the friction surface or on the contact surface

Sliding bearings - key advantages, disadvantages, main types

Historically, plain bearings were the first support used in human-made mechanisms. They are found already in Neolithic excavations and were originally used for drilling devices and spindles. Until the mid-nineteenth century, they were the mainstay of technology, but they began to give way to ball bearings. However, even today sliding supports are widely used in technology.

A sliding bearing is a support that uses sliding friction along contact surfaces.

For them, materials with a minimum coefficient of friction are specially selected to form a friction pair. To reduce heat generation and reduce friction, lubricant is usually supplied to the contact zone. But some friction pairs, for example, fluoroplastic-steel, do not need lubrication.

The most common design of sliding bearings includes a housing part 3 with an anti-friction liner 2 installed. In the hole of the liner with a gap, the shaft neck 5 rotates or the rod moves linearly. Through a system of holes 1 and distribution grooves, lubricant 4 is supplied into the gap, separating the contacting surfaces.

Lubricant can be supplied with a special syringe through a lubricant. In complex structures with a large number of lubrication points, centralized systems are used with lubricant pumped by an oil pump from a central tank through pipelines. Often, instead of a separate housing, borings of structural parts are used, into which anti-friction bushings are pressed.

Sliding and rolling bearing : the difference lies in the type of friction implemented (sliding, rolling) and determines their advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of sliding bearings:

• small radial dimensions;
• resistance to shocks and vibrations;
• increased performance at high speeds;
• ability to withstand significant loads;
• installation accuracy;
• low cost, especially in the case of large shaft diameters;
• the possibility of using similar designs for both rotational movement and linear movements (the difference in the geometry of the lubrication grooves of the bushings);
• ease of manufacture;
• accuracy of shaft installation;
• for some friction pairs (caprolon, zelamide, fluoroplastic with steel) operation without lubrication is possible;
• possibility of making detachable structures;
• permissibility of work in water, food or aggressive environments with appropriate selection of materials.

Their disadvantages include:

• significant linear dimensions;
• due to the small range of purchased serial products, in most cases independent production is required;
• greater friction coefficient than in ball bearings and, accordingly, lower efficiency;
• the need for good lubrication for most friction pairs;
• significant heat generation, heating, wear due to insufficient lubrication;
• the need for expensive anti-friction materials, for example tin bronze, fluoroplastic;
• uneven wear of bushings and journals.

GOST 18282 for sliding bearings establishes key definitions and terms.

Sliding bearing bushings made of sintered materials (but GOST 24833-81; ISO 2795-79)

Designed for general purpose plain bearings. Types of bushings: A - smooth; B - with collar; C - spherical.

* t = IT8 at D ≤ 50mm; t = IT9 at D > 50mm.

Type A

Dimensions, mm

Type B

Note.

The dimensions indicated in brackets are not recommended.

Type C

Examples of bushing symbols:

Type B bushing with inner diameter d = 25mm, outer diameter D = 32mm, collar diameter D1 = 39mm and length L = 25mm:

Bushing B 25/32 × 25 GOST 24833-81

Type C bushing with internal diameter d = 10mm, sphere diameter Ds = 20mm and length L = 14mm:

Bushing C 10 GOST 24833-81

How to distinguish bronze from brass: composition, characteristics, features

It is no coincidence that the question of how to distinguish bronze from brass interests many, because products made from these copper alloys are very similar in appearance.
Meanwhile, having decided to use products made from such materials for a specific purpose, one should distinguish between these two metals, since they have serious differences in many respects. These busts are very similar, but they are made from different copper alloys

What are bronze and brass

Bronze and brass are alloys based on copper. Moreover, individual brands of such alloys are very similar in color, but their characteristics may have significant differences. In order to have a good understanding of the question of in which cases to use brass and in which to use bronze, it is necessary to become more familiar with their properties and chemical composition.

Chemical composition of simple brasses

Chemical composition of tin bronzes (click to enlarge)

A material such as bronze has been used by humanity for several millennia, and its popularity is not decreasing. Initially, man learned to produce bronze alloys, the basis of the chemical composition of which is copper and tin.

Later, with the development of the metallurgical industry, bronzes began to be produced, in which tin was replaced by other chemical elements - aluminum, lead, iron, silicon, beryllium, phosphorus, etc. Bronzes of the first type began to be called tin (they are often called bell bronzes, because they used to made bells), and the second - tinless.

A change in the chemical composition of bronze leads to a change not only in its characteristics, but also in color.

Brass is also a copper alloy, but its main alloying element is zinc. The chemical composition of various brands of brass may contain elements such as nickel, lead, iron, tin, manganese, etc.

, but their content is insignificant and is necessary only to give the finished alloy certain characteristics. It is known that the ancient Romans knew how to produce brass, who obtained it by mixing molten copper and zinc ore.

A more efficient production technology, which involves mixing molten copper and pure zinc, was developed in England, and this happened in 1781.

Physical properties of simple brasses (click to enlarge)

Physical properties of tin bronzes (click to enlarge)

For a long time, brass, which has a beautiful light golden color, was used to make decorative items, including those that were passed off as gold.

However, manufacturers could not help but pay attention to other, no less significant characteristics of this alloy, which include high corrosion and abrasion resistance, ductility, combined with fairly high hardness and strength.

That is why brass, which also has good casting properties, began to be actively used not only for decorative purposes, but also for the manufacture of products successfully used in various industries.

Comparative characteristics

The basis of bronze and brass, as mentioned above, is the same metal - copper. The difference between these alloys lies in their chemical composition and, accordingly, in the characteristics that they possess. Naturally, the differences between these copper alloys also determine their areas of application.

Due to the fact that bronze is a stronger and more durable material when compared with brass, bells, sculptural compositions, elements of fencing, landscape and interior structures have been made from this material since ancient times.

It is also important that many grades of this alloy are characterized by good fluidity in the molten state. This makes it possible to cast products of even very complex configurations from them.

By adding various chemical elements to the chemical composition of bronze, you can change its color in a fairly wide range, which is also of great importance in the production of decorative products.

This watch ring, judging by the color, is more likely yellow brass (bronze would be redder). Scratches easily remain on the surface - also a sign of brass

Brass differs from bronze in its higher ductility and, accordingly, lower strength and wear resistance, which limits the use of this alloy in many areas.

In addition, brass is less resistant to aggressive environments, in particular salty sea water, which does not allow the use of brass products in shipbuilding, where bronze is used very actively and successfully.

There is also a noticeable difference in the color of these alloys and in their internal structure.

Any experienced specialist can tell you how to distinguish brass from bronze: to do this, just look at the fracture of products made from these alloys.

Brass has a lighter color when fractured and a distinct fine-grained structure, while bronze is easily identified by its dark brown fracture color and coarse-grained internal structure.

Summarizing all of the above, we can highlight the following differences between brass and bronze.

1. The main alloying element in bronze is tin, and in brass it is zinc. Moreover, both alloys are created on the basis of one metal – copper.
2. Bronze (even with a classic chemical composition) perfectly resists the effects of aggressive environments, in particular salty sea water. In order to improve the corrosion resistance of brass, additional alloying elements must be introduced into such an alloy.
3. The strength and anti-friction characteristics of bronze are also better than those of brass. Such qualities significantly expand the scope of application of bronze alloys, from which not only strong and durable decorative elements are made, but also critical parts for use in various industries. Brass is more often used for the production of bimetallic elements (“steel - brass”), which demonstrate high resistance to the formation and development of corrosion processes.
4. Bronze products have a dark brown color and coarse grain when broken, while brass products have a yellow-golden color and a fine-grained structure. This difference in color and internal structure makes it easy to determine what alloy the product is made from.
5. Bronze, like brass, although they are based on a metal such as copper, are divided into completely different categories. Thus, bronze can be tin or tin-free, while brass can be two- or multi-component.

Comparison of properties of brass and bronze

Bronze and brass, which have a lower melting point than copper, can be used to make various products at home. However, for this, naturally, it is necessary to stock up on the appropriate equipment and thoroughly study the technology and rules for performing such a technological operation as casting.

And finally, a couple of videos about heat treatment of bronze at home.

Cast iron bushings for one-piece and flanged housings

Designed for general purpose plain bearings

Fixing bushings in housings

Dimensions, mm

Bushing material: anti-friction cast iron AChS-1 or AChK-2.

Limit deviations of outer diameter D according to u8. Maximum deviations of dimensions not limited by tolerances: for shafts - according to h14, for others - according to ±IT14/2.

Tolerances of perpendicularity of the bushing axis relative to its ends and end runout according to the 8th degree of accuracy GOST 24643-81. Radial runout of the hole d relative to the diameter D according to the 6th degree of accuracy GOST 24643-81. Ovality, conicality, barrel-shaped holes according to the 7th degree of accuracy GOST 24643-81. It is possible to manufacture lubrication grooves of other shapes.

Brass or bronze, which is better for bushings?

Bronze and brass are very similar in appearance. However, they differ significantly in their chemical composition and characteristics.

The metallurgical industry clearly distinguishes one alloy from another.

But in everyday life it can be very difficult for a buyer to figure this out, especially when purchasing a rather expensive bronze item. Therefore, it is extremely important to know how to distinguish bronze from brass.

Characteristics of metals

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, silicon, beryllium, aluminum, lead and other elements. However, only tin is often used to obtain high-quality bronze. There are also alloys that use nickel and/or zinc. They are called spiater and are a cheap analogue of bronze.

Depending on what metal is present in the alloy, bronze is distinguished:

• tin;
• beryllium;
• aluminum;
• silicon

Thanks to this variety, the material is divided into two large groups - tin and tin-free. Previously, arsenic bronze also existed, but it was not widely used.

Brass is also an alloy, but here the main element is zinc combined with copper , to which nickel, tin, lead, manganese, iron or other elements may sometimes be added. Already in Ancient Rome, methods for producing this alloy were known.

The Romans learned to smelt copper with zinc ore. It was only in 1781 that zinc in its pure form began to be used in England to produce brass.

In the nineteenth century, due to its special color, this metal began to be used as counterfeit gold, and this quickly spread to many countries.

Currently, such an alloy is used to produce steel-brass bimetal. It is resistant to corrosion and abrasion, and is also quite flexible. In addition to the fact that brass is used in industry, its variety, called tombak, is quite often used for the manufacture of fittings, artistic products and insignia.

Comparison of two metals

As mentioned above, copper is used to make bronze and brass. However, its combination with tin or zinc produces alloys that have different properties and are used in different fields.

For example, bronze is considered a material that sculptors like to use to create busts, fences, monuments and other solutions that require durability and beauty.

Brass is practically not used for such purposes; it is only occasionally used to create some kind of artistic products.

The reason is the plasticity of the metal; it wears out quite quickly, while bronze monuments can stand for centuries.

An interesting fact is that bronze products have been used in maritime affairs since ancient times. They remarkably withstand the negative effects of salt water , while pure brass is completely incapable of this. To achieve certain properties, alloying with aluminum, lead or tin is required.

The appearance of these alloys is also slightly different. Bronze has a coarse-grained dark brown structure. Brass is much lighter; due to its characteristic yellowness, it resembles gold, and its structure is fine-grained.

In addition, both alloys are divided into different groups:

• brass can be two-component or multi-component;
• bronze - tin and tinless.

The difference between the two metals

The difference between these two alloys is as follows:

• Bronze is obtained by alloying copper with tin. In addition, this alloy contains impurities of metals such as lead, aluminum, beryllium, silicon, etc. Brass is obtained by fusing copper with zinc. Iron, nickel, manganese, lead, etc. are also added to this alloy.
• Bronze is a dark brown metal with a coarse grain structure, while brass is yellow in color and is quite smooth and fine grained.
• When interacting with sea water, bronze products do not deteriorate at all, but brass products may suffer. This property of alloys is taken into account in the construction of ships and the manufacture of various fishing accessories.
• Bronze is divided into tin and tin-free groups, and its opponent is divided into two-component and multi-component.
• Bronze products are much stronger than brass and they are much more resistant to wear.
• Bronze is often used to make fences, monuments and a variety of metal interior decorations. Brass is also used to make various jewelry and decorative elements, but quite rarely. But it is used to create steel-brass - a fairly practical bimetal that is not prone to rust.

Thus, it is not so easy to distinguish bronze from brass. It’s not easy to do this at home, but it’s possible. You just need to carefully examine both alloys , which are located in the same place. If you pick them up, bronze will be much heavier than brass, and its color will be much darker.

• Vitaly Danilovich Orlov
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How to distinguish between brass and bronze - proven methods

If identifying pure copper from its alloys is a quite feasible task at home, then it is quite difficult to discern the differences between brass and bronze. The main reason for this is the existence of many brands of these compounds.

For example, brass is an alloy of copper with zinc as the base alloying component. But the Zn content in the compound varies over a wide range of values: 4 – 45%.

Naturally, high-copper brass grade L96 will differ significantly from L59-1.

Brass washers brand L96

The situation with bronze is even more complicated. This is an alloy based on tin, as well as other elements, including non-metallic ones (difficult to distinguish from brass). Alternatively, there is tin-free bronze.

In such compounds, the main alloying additives are aluminum, beryllium, manganese, silicon or magnesium.

The result is that the existence of significant differences in the chemical composition of metal alloys makes it difficult to identify even brasses or bronzes with each other.

Bushings made of tin-free bronze, brand BrA9Zh3

As can be seen from the top 2 photographs with images of parts made of brass and bronze, it is practically impossible to distinguish these 2 metals (alloys) visually; perhaps only a specialist who has worked all his life with these copper alloys can do this.

The only sure way to determine the type of connection remains spectral analysis, using an analyzer that helps distinguish between different metals and alloys. The methods presented below for distinguishing bronze from brass at home should be taken quite carefully . Remember! None of the methods gives a guaranteed result.

See similar articles:

Visual approach

Alloys with a high content of the main alloying component are easily recognizable by color. The technique for visually distinguishing brass from bronze is as follows:

1. Brass is an alloy with a high zinc content. This causes the color of the compound to shift from the pink-red hue of pure copper to golden yellow tones. We can confidently say that the color of brass is closer to gold. Although scrap brass comes in different forms and different states, and it’s certainly not easy to identify with your eyes, the same applies to scrap bronze.
2. Bronze. The quantitative content of tin in the alloy determines the color of the compound. Bronze with a maximum Sn content of 33% is characterized by a silvery-white color. The alloy, containing at least 90% copper, also borrows its color - closer to brown-red tones.

Since in practice, compounds with a high tin content are rare, you can trust the following rule. Brass is a golden-yellow hue, bronze is reddish.

Pure physics

The density of copper alloys is the next criterion for distinguishing brass from bronze. However, the popular belief that scales will give a definite answer is incorrect. Confirmation of this is provided by connection densities:

• rolled brass – 8.4 – 8.7;
• yellow brass – 8.43;
• bronze – 7.4 – 8.9.

All values ​​are given in g/cc. As you can see, the weight of bronze, like its color, is highly dependent on the tin content. When its inclusion is at the level of 8%, the connection density is minimal and lower than that of brass.

An increase in tin content leads to a heavier alloy. The result is that such bronze weighs more than brass. Therefore, using mass as a distinguishing criterion for copper alloys is not recommended in practice.

Bushing Retaining Pins

Dimensions, mm

Metal smooth housing liners

Designed for general purpose plain bearings.

Dimensions, mm

* Surface roughness parameters d and D Ra = 2.5 µm when manufactured according to the 8th accuracy level for diameters over 18 mm.

Tolerances of perpendicularity of the axis of the liner relative to its ends and end runout must be according to the 8th degree of accuracy of GOST 24643-81.

Sliding bushings

Bushings (sleeves or liners) of dry sliding ISB structurally refer to radial sliding bearings.
Their main function is to separate the rotating parts of a moving structure to prevent them from coming into contact with each other. Bushings also serve to support parts that rotate as the surface of the axle slides along the surface of the bushing. The devices are able to withstand medium radial loads, have high strength and at the same time good anti-friction properties. They are used in the assembly of rotating and rotating components of industrial machinery and production equipment, and are often used to replace worn or damaged parts during repair and restoration work.

Oil supply pockets for liquid lubrication of smooth bearings

Dimensions, mm

Oil supply pockets, grooves and holes should not be placed in the loaded area of ​​the bearing, either on the friction surface or on the contact surface.

Differences between bronze and brass

Brass and bronze have different chemical compositions and properties, but the appearance of these alloys is almost identical. It is very difficult for an ordinary person not involved in the industrial production of alloys to distinguish bronze from brass. Therefore, it is worth understanding what properties are characteristic of these alloys, what are their differences, and how to determine what alloy the item being purchased is made of.

Differences between bronze and brass

Properties of bronze and brass

Bronze and brass are metal alloys that are made from copper. The difference between them lies in the main alloying material. This affects the physical and chemical properties of these alloys. Accordingly, the composition of bronze and brass directly affects the areas of application of these materials.

Bronze is a copper-based alloy with the addition of alloying materials such as tin, beryllium, silicon, aluminum and lead. Other components, such as zinc or nickel, may also be used. In this case, the alloy is called spiatr; it is much cheaper, but also inferior in physical characteristics.

Bronze appearance

There are several types of bronze alloys, which differ depending on the main alloying component. Today there are:

• tin;
• beryllium;
• silicon;
• aluminum

There is also a classification depending on the presence of tin in the composition. Based on this, tin bronze is distinguished - an alloy of copper and tin, and tin-free bronze. There is also an arsenic type, but today it is not used in production.

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, with possible content of other components: nickel, lead, tin, iron, manganese and others. This alloy has been known since ancient times. It was most likely developed by the Romans, who smelted copper with zinc ore. Zinc in its pure form began to be used only at the end of the 17th century in England.

Brass is similar to gold, which is why it was often used to counterfeit gold coins.

Due to its fine-grained structure, it is widely used in industry. Today, the production of steel-brass bimetal has become popular. The finished material has increased resistance to corrosion and physical wear. Moreover, such an alloy is quite ductile and can be easily cast and physically bent.

Appearance of brass

There is a variety called tombak, which is used in artistic casting, making accessories and insignia.

The main differences between the alloys

Despite their similar appearance due to the use of copper as a base, bronze and brass have certain differences due to the addition of tin and zinc. Thanks to this, the scope of application of both materials is quite wide and varied.

Bronze is used quite often by sculptors. It is excellent for the production of monuments, sculptures, busts, fences and other artistic products. It can stand for hundreds of years without changing its shape or structure. Brass is used quite rarely for such purposes, which is due to the high ductility of this alloy, which negatively affects the durability and wear resistance of sculptures.

Brass and bronze

Due to its properties, one of which is resistance to salty sea water, bronze was previously widely used in maritime affairs. In order for brass to achieve the same properties, it is necessary to add alloying components such as aluminum, tin or lead.

Despite the external similarity, there are small differences between bronze and brass that can be seen with the naked eye. The main thing that should be highlighted is the difference between bronze and brass in color. Bronze has a dark brown tint, while brass is lighter, reminiscent of gold due to its yellowish tint.

The main differences between these two alloys should be highlighted:

1. Bronze is produced by fusing copper and tin, with the possible addition of various impurities. Brass is obtained by producing an alloy of copper and zinc, but just like bronze, it can contain additional components.
2. Bronze has a coarse-grained structure, brass, in turn, is fine-grained and quite smooth. You can see the structure by examining metal products at a fracture.
3. Bronze has a dark brown tint, brass has a yellowish tint.
4. Bronze is resistant to aggressive external environments, while brass can be destroyed even when exposed to sea water. This is the diversity of applications of alloys.
5. Products made from bronze are much stronger and heavier than brass, and are also characterized by increased wear resistance.
6. Due to its properties, bronze is used much more often in industry, but brass is used as part of the steel-brass bimetal, the properties of which exceed those of bronze.

Despite many differences, it is quite difficult to determine in everyday life what alloy a product is made of, but using several methods you can cope with this task.

How to distinguish brass from bronze at home

Very often, when buying old furniture, figurines and other items, a dilemma arises about what material they are made of. At first glance, they are no different, but with a more detailed examination and the use of several determination methods, you can accurately determine the type of alloy.

Today, there are several ways to distinguish brass and bronze at home:

1. Determination by eye. To do this, you need to have products made from two alloys so that you can compare them. Taking them in your hands, you can clearly determine that bronze is much heavier than brass. With good lighting and a clean surface, you can see the color of the surface in detail. Bronze is much darker and brass is yellower.
2. If you have several identical items of low value, you may damage one of them. It is more difficult to do this with bronze, since it is much stronger. Having broken an object, you should look at the break. Brass has a fine-grained and smooth structure.
3. The most reliable way to differentiate is exposure to reagents. But for this you need to have certain equipment, experience with reagents and nitric acid.

First you need to make some metal shavings, then place them in separate test tubes and fill them with a 50% solution. After most of the dissolution, the test tubes need to be heated. The liquid with brass will remain transparent, but a white tin precipitate will appear in the liquid with bronze.

In the absence of reagents, you can use a solution of sea salt by placing shavings in it. Bronze shavings will not change in any way, but brass shavings will change their appearance.

You can also just look at the object. If the old object has not succumbed to change and destruction after many years, then it is most likely bronze, since it is much more resistant to external influences and less susceptible to wear.

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Metal liners with collar

Designed for general purpose bearings.

* Surface roughness parameters d and D Ra = 2.5 µm when manufactured according to the 8th quality for diameters over 18 mm.

Features of manufacturing bronze bearings

Products responsible for the correct sliding of mechanisms are produced using several technologies, but bronze is used and actively used as the basis for each. To improve the quality of the alloy, tin is added - it makes the part much stronger and more resistant to work loads. The chemical composition is concentrated under strict adherence to GOST regulations.

To improve the translational movements of structural elements, phosphorus is used. Its properties make the bronze part wear-resistant and capable of withstanding pressure of 150 kg/cm2, as well as rotation speeds of up to 10 m/s. This allows the use of such products in complex mechanisms that are constantly under heavy loads. Making bearings with the addition of lead and zinc impurities gives the same effect as when working with phosphorus. The quality of the alloy increases, it is more susceptible to additional processing.

Some of the most durable products are those that contain aluminum and iron. They withstand shock and vibration during operation, and are used in systems that are subject to alternating loads.

Oil supply pockets for liquid lubrication of liners with collars

Dimensions, mm

Oil supply pockets, grooves and holes should not be placed in the loaded area of ​​the bearing, either on the friction surface or on the contact surface

The best manufacturers

1. B-Ring. A fairly large American manufacturer, factories operate in China, but production is guided by Swedish quality standards. All products are divided into 3 lines, according to mileage, and accordingly, according to price range. Such spare parts are not often counterfeited; they are of high quality.
2. ISB. Italian brand founded in 1981. The company is focused on the middle price segment, which is why their products are very popular in many countries. Of course, such a part will not be able to fully replace the bushing of an expensive brand, but it copes with its task quite well. A wide range of products also sets the company apart in the aftermarket.
3. INA. German company founded in 1946. Currently part of the Schaeffler Group. Buyers evaluate products at a level above average, the company is constantly improving its potential, updating equipment and introducing innovative developments into production. All spare parts have a large safety margin.
4. SKF. The company was founded in 1907 in Sweden. Today it is the largest manufacturer of bearings, lubrication systems and other spare parts. In Russia, the activities of this company are represented by a subsidiary of SKF CJSC, which has branches in several large cities of the country.

Cast iron liners for split housings (according to GOST 11611-82)

Dimensions, mm

Adapter sleeve 3

GOST 11611-82 also provides for liners with diameters: d = 25; 28 and 100 - 220mm.

Example of liner symbol

assembled with diameter d = 50mm, length L = 63mm:

Insert 50 × 63 GOST 11611-82

A hole with diameter d is finally bored together with the bearing housing.

Turning to the outer diameter D and trimming the inner ends of the liners to size l are carried out jointly by parts 1 and 2. The liners are made of anti-friction cast iron AChS-1 or AChK-2 in accordance with GOST 1585-85, adapter bushings are made of steel St3.

Maximum deviations of dimensions not limited by tolerances: for shafts - according to h14, for others - ±IT/2.

Deviation from perpendicularity of the liner axis relative to its ends and end runout - according to the 8th degree of accuracy GOST 24643-81.

Ovality, conicality, barrel-shaped holes d - according to the 7th degree of accuracy GOST 24643-81.

Criterias of choice

Tips on what to look for when purchasing:

1. Type of vehicle. You need to know exactly which type is suitable for your equipment. When ordering, you must indicate such indicators as: car make, car model, technical characteristics and type of part required.
2. The best manufacturers. More and more new manufacturers are appearing on the market, offering innovative new products. The functionality of such components is the same, but the price can vary several times. Carefully study the sales market; long-established companies have many reviews about their products, from which you can determine which manufacturer does the job well.
3. Where can I buy. You can purchase it at a car store, or order it online in an online store. When purchasing on the website, carefully study the offered documentation, compare all sizes and dimensions, and only then place your order. Upon delivery, check that the delivered product corresponds to what was declared.
4. Price. Inexpensive (budget) options have the same functionality as more expensive bushings from well-known brands. You shouldn’t overpay for fame; choose the right part based on your needs and capabilities.
5. Kinds. Be sure to select the exact dimensions (length, width, height) and the appropriate type of bushings (with or without a support collar; bronze or steel, etc.).
6. Material. The quality of the material directly affects the durability of the part. Therefore, be sure to check before purchasing that the part meets quality standards. The seller is obliged to provide you with the necessary certificates.

Fixation of the liner in the housing according to GOST 11611-82

Dimensions, mm

Inserts with an adapter sleeve in the housing

Recess in the base of the housing for an adapter sleeve

How much does bronze cost per 1 kg?

Bronze

off-grade products of various categories: conductors, fittings, plumbing parts, bushings, gears, parts of ships, cars, aircraft, equipment elements.

–
200 rub./kg wholesale
– 230 rub./kg .

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Profile and dimensions of bearing grooves

Dimensions, mm

The permissible operating modes of metal bushings and bearing shells are given in table. 18.

Application of tin bronze foundry